Biosynthesis of AAs (mini-test 2)

Question 1

When are AAs synthesized in the body- fed or fasting state?

Answer 1

fed state

Question 2

How many essential AAs are there for kids compared to adults?

Answer 2

10 essential AAs for kids, 8 for adults (2 are conditional)

this means these AAs need to be obtained from diet

Question 3

Nonessential AAs can be synthesized from intermediate metabolites or…

Answer 3

essential AAs

Question 4

All AAs are derived from intermediates of ____________ metabolism

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

VITM are 4 AAs that can synthesize SCoA. How many of these AAs can be synthesized within the body and are nonessential?

Answer 5

none of them! All 4 are essential

Question 6

What AAs can be synthesized from alpha KG?

Answer 6

Question 7

Glutamate can synthesize what AAs?

Answer 7

-glutamine
-proline
-arginine

Question 8

PHAGG are 5 AAs that can synthesize….

Answer 8

alpha KG

Question 9

Phe is essential, but once in the body it can synthesize tyrosine with phenylalanine hydroxylase. What can tyrosine synthesize from here?

Answer 9

fumarate

Question 10

What AAs are made from OAA?

Answer 10

Asp and Asn

OAA will make Asp with AST and then Asp can convert to Asn

Question 11

What AAs can be made from pyruvate?

Answer 11

alanine only

Question 12

G CAST are 5 AAs that can make….

Answer 12

pyruvate

Question 13

What AAs can be made from 3 phosphoglycerate (glycolysis intermediate)?

Answer 13

-serine
-cystiene
-glycine

3PG can make Ser which then can make either Gly or Cys

Question 14

What AAs can be made from phenylalanine?

Answer 14

tyrosine

Question 15

The sulfur group of homocysteine is transferred to serine to make….

Answer 15

cysteine

Question 16

Is methionine essential or nonessential?

Answer 16

essential

Question 17

Is cysteine essential or nonessential?

Answer 17

nonessential BUT it will become essential only if theres not enough methionine in the body

Question 18

What are the 3 aromatic AAs?

Answer 18

1) trp
2) phe
3) tyr

Question 19

Aromatic rings in aromatic AAs are derived from a common precursor called….

Answer 19

chorismate

Question 20

The indole ring for trp is synthesized from chorismate and…

Answer 20

phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)

Question 21

What is PRPP?

Answer 21

phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)
-it is an active form of ribose
-used in synthesizing nucleotides (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP), histidine, and tryptophan

major function is to create nucleotides!

Question 22

What are the 2 most common biomolecules derived from AAs?

Answer 22

1) proteins
2) precursors of other nitrogen containing compounds called amines (porphyrins, neurotransmitters, hormones, purines, pyrimidines, coenzymes, etc)

Question 23

Porphyrin + _____ = heme

Answer 23

Fe

Question 24

What part of heme binds to oxygen?

Answer 24

Fe

Question 25

What are some examples of hormones that get synthesized from AAs?

Answer 25

-thyroid hormones -glucagon -insulin

Question 26

Can the body synthesize mature heme?

Answer 26

NO

Question 27

What are porphyrins?

Answer 27

-cyclic organic compounds that bind metal ions -they are found primarily on chromoproteins like hemoglobin, cytochromes, and chlorophyll -the ring structure is assembled mainly from glycine -most prevalent is heme, which is one ferrous iron coordinated in the center of the ring and it is rapidly synthesized and degraded

Question 28

decreased heme=

Answer 28

anemia

Question 29

The ring structure of porphyrins is assembled mainly from what AA?

Answer 29

glycine

Question 30

glycine + _______ will eventually make the porphyrin ring

Answer 30

SCoA

Question 31

What disease is caused from defective heme synthesis?

Answer 31

porphyrias

Question 32

What symptom is caused from defective heme breakdown?

Answer 32

jaundice note: this is a SYMPTOM not a disorder

Question 33

What is porphyrias?

Answer 33

-enzyme deficiencies in heme biosynthesis with harmful accumulations of porphyrins or precursors -genetic or acquired (too much iron, liver diseases, smoking, excessive alcohol use) symptoms: -photosensitive skin, pain with light exposure in less then 30 min, can cause permanent skin damage -GI symptoms -high BP -breathing issues -seizures -paralysis -RBCs are vulnerable and can easily burst and cause bruises and bloody urine tx: -avoid triggers -injections of heme to limit the body's production of porphyrins -treatment of symptoms

Question 34

When heme gets broken down it first turns into biliverdin and then....

Answer 34

bilirubin

Question 35

Which organ will do hemolysis of old RBCs and release hemoglobin?

Answer 35

spleen

Question 36

Bilirubin is transported in the blood with....

Answer 36

albumin

Question 37

indirect bilirubin build up will cause a hemolytic crisis and physiological jaundice in newborns. What is this?

Answer 37

-high levels of hemolysis to break down RBCs -bilirubin glucuronyl transferase is low at birth -treated with blue light -hyperbilirubinemia is neurotoxic (kernicterus)

Question 38

Unconjugated/ indirect bilirubin will bind with 2 UDP glucuronate to form bilirubin diglucuronide (this is conjugated/direct bilirubin). What enzyme does this?

Answer 38

bilirubin glucuronyl transferase

Question 39

direct or indirect bilirubin can cause _________ damage and depends on the degree of damage

Answer 39

liver

Question 40

Direct bilirubin causes bile duct obstruction which results in....

Answer 40

clay color stool

Question 41

What is jaundice?

Answer 41

-yellowing of skin, sclerae, and nail beds -due to hyperbilirubinemia (accumulation of bilirubin direct or indirect)

Question 42

What are the major causes of jaundice?

Answer 42

usually due to liver or gallbladder dysfunction

Question 43

What is the main source of bilirubin?

Answer 43

heme degradation

Question 44

Creatine is made from what 2 AAs?

Answer 44

arginine and glycine

Question 45

Muscles contain creatine that is phosphorylated to creatine phosphate by....

Answer 45

creatine kinase (CK) (creatine kinase uses ATP as a phosphate donor. Elevated creatine kinase isoenzyme in the blood indicates the location of tissue damage)

Question 46

Skeletal muscle expresses which CK enzyme?

Answer 46

CK- MM

Question 47

Heart muscle expresses which CK enzyme?

Answer 47

CK MM (same as skeletal m.) but the unique one is- CK-MB

Question 48

The brain expresses which CK enzyme?

Answer 48

CK-BB

Question 49

Creatine phosphate is a reserve of phosphates for ATP. it provides a rapid response to muscle ATP demands for the first few minutes of intense muscle use by....

Answer 49

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 50

Creatine is degraded by spontaneous cyclization to ________________ that is removed by the kidney and excreted in urine.

Answer 50

creatinine note: a rise in blood creatinine may indication kidney damage

Question 51

What are the 2 kidney markers in blood we learned so far?

Answer 51

-increased BUN levels -increased creatinine note: "normal" body builders have high creatinine but normal BUN, but if both BUN and creatinine is high then theres a problem

Question 52

What do increased CK-BB levels mean in the blood?

Answer 52

stroke

Question 53

What do increased CK-MB levels mean in the blood?

Answer 53

heart attack

Question 54

CK BB, CK MB, and CK MM are ____________

Answer 54

isozymes

Question 55

Carnitine shuttles _____ across the mitochondrial inner membrane

Answer 55

FAs

Question 56

What AA is carnitine derived from?

Answer 56

lysine

Question 57

Which AA makes thyroid hormones (thyroxine), melanin, catecholamines (dopamine, epi, and NE)?

Answer 57

tyrosine

Question 58

which AA makes serotinin, NAD and NADP (niacin)?

Answer 58

tryptophan

Question 59

Which AA makes NO and urea?

Answer 59

arginine

Question 60

Which AA makes GABA?

Answer 60

glutamate

Question 61

Which AA makes histamine?

Answer 61

histidine