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biotechnology Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

define clone

A

offspring produced by mitosis - genetically identical to parent organism

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2
Q

define asexual reproduction

A

generation of new individuals (mitosis) to make clones

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3
Q

define reproductive cloning

A

using artificial cloning to produce 2 or more individuals that are clones

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4
Q

define vegetative propagation

A

production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues

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5
Q

define perennating organ

A

structures in plants that allow them to survive extreme conditions.
- contain stored food
- remain dormant in soil

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6
Q

describe the link between perennating organs and vegetative propagation

A

vegetative propagation takes place from perennating organs after adverse conditions.
When stores of food are used to grow new plants from the organ

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7
Q

what are the 4 ways in which plants naturally clone

A
  1. rhizomes
  2. stolons
  3. tubers
  4. bulbs
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8
Q

what are rhizomes

A

horizontal underground stems

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9
Q

what are stolons

A

horizontal above ground stems

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10
Q

what are tubers

A

swollen underground stems

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11
Q

what are bulbs

A

swollen, tightly packed, underground leaves

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12
Q

define horticulture

A

the branch of agriculture that deals with just plants

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13
Q

define agriculture

A

the cultivation and breeding of animals, plant, fungi or food or other resources

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14
Q

How is the production of natural clones exploited in horticulture

A

create new plants by:
- splitting up bulbs
- removing young plants from runners
- cutting up rhizomes

increases plant numbers cheaply and all have same genetics as parents

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15
Q

define taking cuttings

A

removing and planting short sections of stem of a plant in order to produce clones

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16
Q

how is taking cuttings used in horticulture

A

used to increase plant numbers (quicker than seed growing).
all are clones of parents - good stock

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17
Q

6 ways in which the success rate of taking cuttings can be increased

A
  1. use a non-flowering stem
  2. make oblique cut in the stem
  3. use hormone rooting powder
  4. reduce leaves to two or four
  5. keep cutting well watered
  6. cover the cutting with a plastic bag for a few days
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18
Q

how does using a non flowering stem increase success rate of taking cuttings

A

resources in plant aren’t needed to maintain cells of flowers so can be used to grow roots instead

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19
Q

how does making oblique cuts in the stem increase success rate of taking cuttings

A

larger surface area for roots to grow from

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20
Q

how does using hormone rooting powder increase success rate of taking cuttings

Study These Flashcards
A

encourages the growth of new roots

21
Q

how does reducing leaves to two or four increase success rate of taking cuttings

Study These Flashcards
A

reduces transpiration rate as water uptake is low until new roots are developed

22
Q

how does keeping cutting well watered increase success rate of taking cuttings

Study These Flashcards
A

will die if not enough water and needs to establish roots to draw up enough water itself

23
Q

how does covering the cutting with a plastic bag increase success rate of taking cuttings

Study These Flashcards
A

reduces the loss of water through transpiration while new roots establish

24
Q

5 examples of crops that are propagated by cloning

Study These Flashcards
A

sugar cane, bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, tea and coffee

25
advantages of propagating crops by cloning
large numbers of new plants (especially sterile plants such as seedless grapes) reliable increasing numbers of rare plants / plants difficult to grow known genetic profile - produce good quality crops every time uniform plants - easy harvesting
26
disadvantages of propagating crops by cloning
produces a monoculture - all plants are susceptible to the same diseases or changes in environment. labour intensive pathogens can be passed from parents
27
advantages of production of individuals by seed
genetically diverse low cost favoured when low cosr and genetic variety is important occurs naturally - no need for human intervention
28
disadvantages of production of individuals by seed
long growing time need to maximise pollination provide ideal requirements for germination problems when plants difficult to grow from seed when sexual reproduction is unreliable dependent on seasons
29
advantages of taking cuttings
clones of parents short growing time favoured when need good crop quickly / when clones are wanted guaranteed quality
30
disadvantages of taking cuttings
high cost labour intensive need to use non flowering stems and rooting hormone plenty of watering problems occur when susceptible to drying out and pathogens can be transferred monoculture is a problem
31
define tissue culture
the method of growing plant cells in isolation from the parent plant in sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium
32
define micropropagation
the process of making large numbers of genetically identical offspring from a single parent using tissue culture
33
define explant
the material removed from a parent plant for tissue culture
34
define callus
a mass of undifferentiated plant cells that have grown from an explant
35
why might micropropagation be used to clone plants
the desirable plant does not readily produce seeds desirable plant doesn't respond well to natural cloning desirable plant is very rare desirable plant has been genetically modified or selectively bred with difficulty desired plant is required to be pathogen free
36
describe the process of micropropagation by callus tissue culture
- take a small sample of tissue from plant (meristem tissue from shoot tips) (sterile conditions to avoid contamination) - explant is sterilised - place in sterile culture medium containing plant hormones, cells proliferate by mitosis forming a mass of cells known as a callus - callus divided and individual cells transferred to a new medium - potted into compost to become small plants
37
9 examples of plants produces by micropropagation
potatoes, sugar cane, bananas, cassava, strawberries, grapes, chrysanthemums, douglas firs, orchids
38
aruguments for micropropagation
can grow plants that are naturally infertile genetically modified for consumer tastes known genetic profile uniform crop disease free any season as tissue culture carried out indoors
39
arguments against micropropgation
conditions must be kept sterile - aseptic conditions any infected cultures must be disposed of expensive if source material infected with virus, clones will be too. large numbers of plants can be lost in the process produces monoculture labout intensive explants and plantlets vulnerable to infection
40
what is mitotic parthenogenesis
development of an embryo from an unfertilised egg formed by mitosis rather than meiosis so has full number of chromosomes
41
how can animal damage lead to natural cloning
multiple pieces develop into new organisms
42
what is monozygotic twinning
one zygote splits and forms 2 embryos
43
what is budding
new organism develops from an outgrowth (bud) due to cell divison at a particular site.
44
what is fragmentation
when organism is split into fragments which each develop into mature, fully grown individuals
45
how can offspring be produces without a mate, but are not clones
parthenogenesis in which an egg is fertilised by another egg that are both from the mother. Different alleles/random assortment result in non-clones.
46
define monozygotic
monozygotic twins are formed from a single fertilised egg
47
describe how identical twins occur
It occurs when one egg is fertilised by one sperm and one zygote forms. the early embryo splits in two and each half grows into a new individual.
48
state the two ways of artificially cloning animals
embryo splitting somatic cell nuclear transfer
49
describe how animals are clones by splitting embryos
- gametes fuse forming zygote - embryo develops to 16-cell stage - embryo is separated to individual cells - each cell now develops further into a separate and identical embryo - surrogate mothers have uterus made ready by hormonal treatment - each embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother - surrogate mother carry clone to term. identical cloned offspring born

biology (8 decks)

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