Biotechnology

Question 1

Biotechnology is

Answer 1

the industrial use of living organisms (or parts of them) to produce food drugs or other products

Question 2

Why do we use Microorganisms? (9)

Answer 2

Rapid life cycles
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, so are clones
Easy to grow, low temperatures.
Produce proteins/chemicals that can be harvested easily.
No ethical issues
Utilise waste material as energy source
Genes are not in pairs, so will not be masked and easy to genetically engineer.
Archae have wide range of metabolic pathways
Archae can survive in extreme conditions.

Question 3

A culture is

Answer 3

a population of organisms grown under controlled conditions- agar

Question 4

Closed culture isolated from external environment so

Answer 4

No new materials added
No waste products removed
No organisms removed

Question 5

COLORIMETER

Answer 5

Measure cloudiness(turbidity)

Question 6

HAEMOCYTOMETER (TOTAL COUNT METHOD)

Answer 6

Count number of cells under microscope 
	in a known volume
	-Some cells may be dead/overlap, 
	-may not be evenly distributed
	-difficult to see

Question 7

VIABLE COUNTS

Answer 7

Place a known volume(diluted) onto nutrient agar.

Incubate over night, then count the colonies

Question 8

1. Lag Phase.
   Bacteria ____ but not _____.
   Adjusting to conditions- _______ _____ on.
   Time depends on ________ _______.

Answer 8

Bacteria active, but not reproducing/slow
adjusting to new conditions- genes switched on.
Length of time depends on growing conditions

Question 9

2.Log (exponential phase).
Bacteria cells _____. Plenty of ____.
Population_______
Time depends on _______

Answer 9

Bacterial cells reproducing
Plenty of nutrients & space
Population doubles each generation (can be every 20-30 mins)
Length of phase depends on speed of reproduction, nutrients & space

Question 10

3. Stationary phase. 
Population levels \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_.
\_\_\_\_ rate =\_\_\_\_ rate. 
\_\_\_\_\_ levels fall. \_\_\_\_\_ products accumulate.
Lack of \_\_\_\_\_. 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ eventually ceases

Answer 10

Population levels stay the same 
	(death rate = reproduction rate)
Nutrient levels fall
Waste products accumulate eg CO2
Possible lack of space
Reproduction eventually ceases

Question 11

4. Decline phase
\_\_\_\_ levels low.
Reproduction rate \_\_\_\_\_\_.
\_\_\_\_\_ waste products and \_\_\_\_\_.
\_\_\_\_\_ rate exceeds \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_.
Eventually all organisms will \_\_\_ in a \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 11

Nutrient levels low
Reproduction rate declines
Toxic waste products and metabolites
Death rate exceeds reproduction rate
Eventually all organisms will die in a closed system

Question 12

Metabolism

Answer 12

All chemical reactions taking place in an organism

Question 13

PRIMARY METABOLITES

Answer 13

Substances produced by organism for growth

Question 14

PRIMARY METABOLITES

EXAMPLES 6

Answer 14

AMINO ACIDS PROTEINS ENZYMES

NUCLEIC ACIDS ETHANOL LACTATE

Question 15

SECONDARY METABOLITES

Answer 15

Substances produced (but not needed for growth)
Appear after the main growth period. Aid survival.

Question 16

SECONDARY METABOLITES

EXAMPLES 1

Answer 16

PENICILLIN