Biotic Stress and Plant Protection

Question 1

Under ideal conditions, what can we expect from a plant?

Answer 1

maximum height, weight, fruit production, etc. that is only limited by genetics

Question 2

________ would be the primary factor that determines a plant’s phenotype

Answer 2

genetics

Question 3

environment

Answer 3

the surroundings or conditions in which an organism lives or operates

Question 4

how does the environment influence plants?

Answer 4

influences how they grow and perform

Question 5

stress

Answer 5

is any environmental condition that prevents a plant from achieving its full genetic potential

Question 6

2 types of stress

Answer 6

abiotic and biotic stress

Question 7

abiotic stress

Answer 7

caused by non-living factors

Question 8

examples of abiotic stress

Answer 8

weather, salinity, nutrient imbalance (too much/little N/K/P)

Question 9

Biotic stress

Answer 9

caused by living things called biotic stressors

Question 10

types of biotic stressors

Answer 10

weeds, animals, pathogens, nematodes

Question 11

examples of plant responses to stress

Answer 11

altered appearance, reduced photosynthesis, less fruit, reduced productivity

Question 12

Physical defense examples

Answer 12

cell wall structure
cork layer
waxy layer
formation of abscission layer (cell death)
deposition of gum
spikes
hairs (trichomes)

Question 13

constitutive defenses

Answer 13

chemical defenses that are always present

Question 14

examples of constitutive defenses

Answer 14

pH, nutrient deprivation, plant defensins, phytoanticipins, oils, repellent compounds, plant-derived insecticides/fungicides

Question 15

plant defensins

Answer 15

small proteins that protect against parasites

Question 16

phytoanticipins

Answer 16

plant-based compounds with antibiotic properties

Question 17

Nutrient deprivation

Answer 17

chemicals produced that hinder nutrient absorption in insects

Question 18

induced responses

Answer 18

chemical defenses that are temporary and made in response to attack (usually very costly)

Question 19

examples of induced responses

Answer 19

toxic chemicals
pathogen-degrading chemicals
defense-related proteins

Question 20

symptoms of biotic stress

Answer 20

chlorosis, necrosis, reddening/purpling, blights, twisting

Question 21

chlorosis

Answer 21

plant yellowing due to loss of chlorophyll

Question 22

necrosis

Answer 22

localized death of living tissue

Question 23

almost ___ of crops are lost to pests or weeds

Answer 23

40%

Question 24

____ of pesticides are used in agriculture

Answer 24

77%

Question 25

protecting plants from biotic stress is the realm of _________

Answer 25

plant protection

Question 26

how is abiotic stress dealt with?

Answer 26

agronomic practices

Question 27

examples of managing abiotic stress

Answer 27

add water (irrigation) remove or move water (drainage system) fertilizer seeding rates rotations, intercropping tillage (or no tillage)

Question 28

plant (crop) protection components

Answer 28

biosecurity, integrated pest management, pest identification, plant breeding/biotechnology,

Question 29

crop biosecurity

Answer 29

prevents, minimizes, and controls the introduction and spread of plant pests at farm level

Question 30

integrated pest management

Answer 30

an ecologically based method of biotic stressors of a plant

Question 31

most common method for managing biotic stress

Answer 31

kill the organism causing the stress

Question 32

herbicides

Answer 32

kills weeds

Question 33

fungicide

Answer 33

kills fungus or oomycete

Question 34

insecticide

Answer 34

kills insects

Question 35

acaricide

Answer 35

kills mites

Question 36

nematocide

Answer 36

kills nematodes

Question 37

antibiotic

Answer 37

kills bacteria

Question 38

plant protection

Answer 38

a discipline dedicated to reducing biotic stress and avoiding economic costs