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BioTopics Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Proximal + Distal

A

Close to the main axis (joint) of body + Further from main axis of body

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2
Q

Dorsal + Ventral

A

Towards the back + Towards the stomach; Similar to Anterior + Posterior

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3
Q

Cranial + Caudal

A

Closer to the skull/head + closer to the tail/cab/butt

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4
Q

Anterior + Posterior

A

To the front + to the back; similar to Dorsal + Ventral

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5
Q

Lateral + Medial

A

Further from mid-line of body + closer to the center of the body

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6
Q

What is do Chordate Worms have that show it’s shared ancestry with humans/ other vertebrates?

A

Notochords + dorsal nerve that runs the length of the body, like a backbone. Remnants of notochords go in between vertebrate of spine. Gill slits = pharyngeal pouches in human fetus that turn into parts of the upper respiratory system/ENT

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7
Q

What do we share with fish?

A

Skulls, backbones, limbs

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8
Q

What do we share with mammals?

A

Hair, endothermic, milk

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9
Q

What do we share with Apes

A

No tails, big brains/bodies

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10
Q

What are some ways we can prove and analyze shared ancestry?

A
  • Fossils
  • Genes + Development
  • Comparative Anatomy
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11
Q

What kind of fossil are useful for information on the transition between fish and tetrapods?

A

Fossils made of sedimentary rock from the late Devonian period, particularly in ancient deltas. From rock accessible to animals

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12
Q

When was the first life?

A

4 byo

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13
Q

Where are good places to find sedimentary rock?

A

Ancient Deltas, deposit sediment at mouth of river

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14
Q

When were early fish and tetrapods dated to?

A

low-fin fish: 390myo
tetrapods: 365myo w/ broad head + dorsal eyes
25my gap.

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15
Q

What is Homology?

A

When traits are similar between different groups due to shared ancestry.
- Which structural plans are essential
-How they manifest across animal kingdom

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16
Q

Common Descent

A

Every living thing shares some genetic commonality with the LUCA (Last Common Universal Ancestor)
-Multi-leveled known shared history

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17
Q

Descent w/ Modification

A

Modifications to these genetic commonalities over generations (mutations+changes) eventually results in new species emerges
-Creates distinct lineages

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18
Q

Who was Richard Owen?

A

English anatomist who wished to discover a universal body plan/base. Vertebral column w/ sticking out appendages

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19
Q

What is Homoplasy?

A

When different lineages independently evolve to develop similar traits, but out of selection pressures, not shared ancestry

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20
Q

What is relative fossil dating?

A

Uses law of superposition. A layer of strata is older than the one above it. Allows fossils to be dated relative to each other

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21
Q

What is radiometric fossil dating?

A

Absolute dating; Compare radioisotopes of parent element to amount of child element in context of radioactive decay. Can give an age of a fossils.

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22
Q

What is heterochrony?

A

Evolution through variance in timing of developmental events/stages

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23
Q

What is paedomorphosis?

A

The slowing down or cutting off of a developmental stage

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24
Q

What is a metamorphic organism?

A

Sexual maturity usually corresponds to distinct stages of development in changes in various aspects

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25
what is peramorphosis?
Speeding up/extending developmental stages.
26
what is a neotenic animal?
an organism that reaches sexual maturity while still retaining external morphology of larval/early development
27
morphology
studying the structures of animals
28
What is Gastrulation?
The process by which the bi-layered disc formed by the convergence of the egg and amniotic sac changes into a gastrula. how the body plan begins to form
29
What are the results of gastrulation
a gastrula (multi-layer/dimensional) with: - ventral/dorsal, sides, cranial/caudal axis - 3 (+1) germ layers
30
what is the process of gastrulation?
1st, epiblast+hypoblast -> cells enter + fill space between, creating mesoderm -> ectoderm, mesoderm, definitive endoderm.
31
Which systems do each germ layer product?
Ectoderm: Parts of CNS, spinal cord, some skin + tooth enamel *neural crest: neural tube Mesoderm: Muscles, bones, gonads+kidneys, circulatory system Endoderm: Guts, viscera, visceral glands
32
What is organogenesis?
Development of organs
33
How does the neural tube form?
Neural crest cells lay on the border between neural plate + ectoderm, secretions to ectoderm -> neuroectoderm flattens onto neural plate -> crest cells cells begin to converge, forming neural ridge -> neural plates close to form tube, in surface ectoderm, but separate structure
34
what forms in the mesoderm post-gastrulation?
the notochord, below the neural tube
35
what does the neural tube do?
Allow the transport of neural cells around body. Common feature of vertebrates.
36
Essential embryonic features after gastrulation + organogenesis?
- neural tube - somite - notochord -gut - brain - eye cup - gills - pharynx - coelom -epidermis
37
What tissues are in the skeleton?
-Bone -Cartilage -Enamel
38
Cartilage
- Widely spread across body - Ears, nose tip, in joints, between bones, voice box
39
3 Major types of cartilage?
-Hyaline(most common): many bones originally form as this -elastic: flexible protein, more rare fibrocartilage: strongest, packed w. collagen
40
Bone
- Organ (femur, humerus, jaw) - Material - Tissue
41
Bone Vs. Cartilage
Bone: -rigid -more cells -vascular -dynamic Cart.: -More pliable - less cells - not vascular, so not dynamic - needs more h20
42
What 2 categories are parts of the skeleton divided into?
Axial: Cranial + vertebral skeleton rib cage Appendicular: Appendages girdles
43
What are the types of bone cells?
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, fibroblasts: Form + maintain bone + connective tissues Osteocytes: breaks down bone
44
What is biomineralization
Process by which living things use mineral to form hard structure: teeth, scales, shells
45
Why is vertebral bone a special tissue?
- remodeling (growth + adaptation) -Healing/regeneration - Living Tissue
46
What are ostracoderms?
Jawless fish that lived from the Ordovician to Devonian ages
47
Heterostracans
Early fish with armored head, but no pectoral fins
48
Osteostracans
early fish w armored head + pectoral fins. Mineralized endoskeleton.
49
What are the type of bone cells
osteoprogenitor: -Stem cell -pre-osteoblast Osteoblast: - bone building - osteoid production - collagen producing Osteocytes: -Mature OB -interconnected -remodeling -long-lived Osteoclasts: -multi-nucleated -bone dissolving; remodeling -originate from blood cell
50
Primary osteon
initial bone formation
51
secondary osteon
site of bone remodeling in mature bone
52
What triggers bone remodeling
Micro-fractures break the chain of osteocytes around 2nd osteon, triggering remodeling
53
Astraspis
ancient Arthropod with osteons. Bone w mechano-sensation, remodeling, and mineral metabolism. Also dentition and dentine tube structures
54
Outside-In Hypothesis
Dermal odontode competent tissue outside of mouth, gradually moved into mouth cavity in response to selection pressures + use
55
types of dentition?
- Dermal -Margenal - fangs -Palatal - top of mouth -Caronoid - bottom palate
56
What is dentition made of?
-Enamel/enameloid - dentine attached to bone, deep homology early dermal dentition was sensitive, for navigation
57
Sensilla
sensory organs in arthropods - stimuli -mechanoreception -chemoreception
58
What materials make up bone?
Collagen Proteoglycans crystal (hydroxyapatite)
59
Collagen
most abundant protein in body ligaments + tendons, mostly collagen T1: rope-like fibers Dermis, bone, tendon. Provides resistance to tension T2: Hyaline + elastic cart. Loose collagenous networks no fibers, thin fibrils embedded in other substance. Resistance under intermittent pressure Mutations in collagen manifest across the body
60
Proteogylcans
Very hydrophilic, swell with H20 - forms large hylaluronic acid cores, which is the backbone for many other molecules to branch off - important for cartilage h20 absorption and retaining pliability
61
Hydroxyapatites
T1 collagen + many crystals - hard - piezoelectric: sends electric impulses when bending, essential for bone dynamism.
62
Enamel
Pure hydroxyapatite, hardest substance in body not vascular, no cells no remodeling, good for dating specimen + fossilization
63
Endochondral bone
Forms in cartilage
64
Dermal bone
Forms in connective tissue
65
Syrapomorphy
Shared derived traits indicating homology
66
Plesiomorphy
Shared ancestral traits, not indicating homology
67
Sister group
closest related group of a given taxa on a tree
68
monophyletic
A group with a CA and all its descendants
69
paraphyletic
A group with CA and only some descendants

BioTopics (2 decks)

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