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Flashcards in Bipolar Deck (12)
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1
Q

Beck Depression Inventory

A
  • diagnostic tool
  • 21 item self-report measure
  • each item consists of 4 statements
  • 10:min, 30 or more: severe depression
2
Q

Explanations of depression

A
  • Biological: genetic and neurochemical (Oruc et al)
  • cognitive (Beck)
  • Learned helplessness and attribution style (Seligman et al)
3
Q

Treatment and management of depression

A
  • Biochemical (MAOIs and SSRIs)
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy
  • Cognitive Restructuring (Beck)
  • Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (Ellis)
4
Q

Biological

A

-first degree relatives: 50% DNA
-31 to 70 years with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder- 42 participants
-control group :40: no personal or family history
DNA testing; to test for polymorphisms in serotonin receptor and transporter.
- serotonin as a neurotransmitter is said to be sexually dimorphic
-polymorphisms in these genes could be responsible for an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder in females only.

5
Q

Cognitive

A
  • negative views form a reality.
  • underlying process of incorrect info processing
  • ‘cognitive distortion’: an automatic process which develops as a result of earlier life experiences, through developing schemas
  • Beck’s cognitive triad of depression
6
Q

Learned Helplessness and Attribution Theory (Seligman)

A
  • individual learns that they are unable to control the situation and prevent suffering, so they eventually cease to resist it.
  • depression a direct result of a real or perceived lack of control over the outcome of one’s situation.
  • view things as global, internal and stable
7
Q

Seligman’s research

A
  • investigated how attributional style could predict depressive symptoms.
  • 39 patients -unipolar and 12-bipolar
  • mean age of 36
  • compared with a control group: 10 non-clinical
  • BDI, Attributional Style Questionnaire- 12 hypothetical bad and good events- rate each one on a seven-point scale for internality, stability and globality
  • uni and bi pessimistic views
8
Q

MAOIs

A
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • inhibit the work of an enzyme known as monoamine oxidase
  • prevents neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine from breaking down.
  • side effects: headaches, nausea, constipation, diarrhea
  • high chances for withdrawal
  • if other antidepressants do not work
9
Q

SSRIs

A
  • Prozac
  • act on serotonin to stop it from being reabsorbed and broken down
  • commonly used
  • fewer side effects
10
Q

ECT

A
  • last resort

- 1000 patients, 50% recovery rate: Dierckx et al

11
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A

-aims to gain entry into the patients’ cognitive organization
-talking therapy
–questioning and identifying illogical thinking to determine and change
the patient’s way of thinking
-directed to catch automatic, dysfunctional thoughts and record them.
-Wiles at al:
-469 patients who failed to respond to antidepressants
-usual care or cbt
-cbt reduction in symptoms

12
Q

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (Ellis)

A
  • psychological approach to treatment on the principles of stoicism
  • Stocism:individual is not directly affected by outside things but rather by their perception of external things
  • helps patients understnad the ABC model
  • help individuals create and maintain constructive, ratioal patterns of thinking about their lives