BIRTH INJURIES

Question 1

Abnormal redness of the skin caused by dilation and irritation of the superficial capillaries

Answer 1

Erythema

Question 2

Red blotches with small white or yellow bumps, often resembling insect bites. Red,
inflamed areas on the skin, commonly seen over pressure points (e.g., scalp, shoulders, or buttocks) with localized warmth or mild swelling.

Answer 2

Erythema

Question 3

small, pinpoint, non-raised, non-blanching hemorrhages caused by small
blood vessels breaking under the skin resulting in bleeding that looks like a rash. Often
appear on the face, neck, and upper trunk of newborns and can be associated with
trauma during delivery

Answer 3

Petechiae

Question 4

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics)
− Tiny pinpoint red or purple spots that is typically <2mm in diameter.
− Non-blanching when pressed.
− Localized or generalized on areas subjected to pressure during delivery which are mostly
the face and neck

Answer 4

Petechiae

Question 5

small hemorrhagic areas (larger than petechiae) that occurs after traumatic precipitous or breech delivery. is the discoloration or bruising of the skin caused by the rupture of small blood vessels beneath the surface, leading to blood leaking into the surrounding tissues

Answer 5

Ecchymoses

Question 6

Bluish or purplish skin discoloration, commonly seen on the face, scalp, or other parts
of the neonate’s body. It may appear flat and irregular in shape, without significant swelling.

Answer 6

Ecchymoses

Question 7

clearly outlined masses located in the subcutaneous
tissue that is firm to the underlying skin but movable to the underlying tissue. It is a rare, benign condition that involves the death of fat tissue just beneath the skin in neonates

Answer 7

Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis

Question 8

Firm, red or purple lumps that often appear on a newborn’s arms, legs, and buttocks a
few days after birth. These lumps can vary in size and may be slightly painful, but usually aren’t very tender

Answer 8

Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis

Question 9

rupture of the Capillaries in the Sclera from
pressure on the fetal head. Located in the Limbus of the Iris, it is the rupture of small blood vessels in the eye, resulting in blood accumulating in the sclera which is the white part of the eye

Answer 9

Subconjunctival (Scleral) Hemorrhage

Question 10

Appears as a red spot , usually in the inner aspect of the eye or as a red ring around the
cornea. Red or dark spot on the sclera of the eye, which is typically painless

Answer 10

Subconjunctival (Scleral) Hemorrhage

Question 11

bleeding that occurs in the thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye (retina) due to pressure during delivery

Answer 11

Retinal Hemorrhage

Question 12

flame-shaped, irregular or round areas in the Retina seen during eye exam

Answer 12

Retinal Hemorrhage

Question 13

edema of the scalp that form on the presenting part of the head. It occurs in cephalic births and can either involve wide areas of the head or be so confined that it is the size of a large egg. It a soft, edematous swelling of the scalp the swelling of the scalp that crosses the suture
lines

Answer 13

Caput Succedaneum

Question 14

A soft, pitting swelling on a newborn’s scalp, typically at the presenting part during birth, often accompanied by bruising (ecchymosis) in the affected area

Answer 14

Caput Succedaneum

Question 15

rupture of blood vessels between the scalp’s galea
aponeurotica and periosteum. It is below the scalp at the Subgaleal compartment where blood collects in its loose connective tissue.

Answer 15

Subgaleal Hemorrhage

Question 16

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics)
− Fluctuating boggy scalp swelling that extends beyond suture lines.
− Pallor or increasing jaundice.
− Hypovolemic shock signs: tachycardia, hypotension, and decreased capillary refill.
− Progressive head circumference increase.
− Decreased hematocrit or anemia

Answer 16

Subgaleal Hemorrhage

Question 17

collection of blood between the periosteum and the skull bone. Being limited to the boundaries of the individual skull bone mean it does not cross the suture lines

Answer 17

Cephalhematoma

Question 18

Swelling that is firm, non-pulsatile, and does not cross suture lines

Answer 18

Cephalhematoma

Question 19

common type of fracture

Answer 19

Clavicle and
Collarbone
Fracture

Question 20

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics)
− Crepitus or a grating sound or sensation when the affected area is palpated.
− Visible bulging or irregularity in the area of the clavicle.
− Limited arm movement as the newborn may show reluctance or inability to move the
affected arm

Answer 20

Clavicle and
Collarbone
Fracture

Question 21

break in the bones of the skull

Answer 21

Skull fracture

Question 22

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics)
− Skull Deformity: Noticeable changes in the skull, such as a soft spot that appears sunken
or swollen.
− Scalp Bruising or Swelling: Bruising or swelling on the scalp, often associated with
conditions like cephalohematoma or caput succedaneum.
− Cranial Nerve Damage: Symptoms of cranial nerve injury, such as facial asymmetry,
abnormal eye movements, or difficulty moving one side of the face.
− Signs of Intracranial Bleeding: Indications of intracranial hemorrhage, such as a bulging
fontanel, irritability, or vomiting.
− Changes in Behavior or Feeding: Lethargy, difficulty feeding, or unusual behaviors, which
may suggest neurological involvement

Answer 22

Skull fracture

Question 23

softening or thinning of the neonate’s skull bones.

Answer 23

Craniotabes

Question 24

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics)
− Depressed spots, abnormal indentation or flexibility of the skull.
− Affected area can be pressed gently to feel a slight depression or “bouncing” sensation.
− Visible skull deformity

Answer 24

Craniotabes

Question 25

deficiency in calcium or vitamin D can lead to softened bones

Answer 25

Rickets

Question 26

These are factors that can be changed or altered.

Answer 26

Precipitating factors

Question 27

These are factors that cannot be changed or altered.

Answer 27

Predisposing factors

Question 28

inability to voluntarily move the facial muscles, typically affecting one side of the face. It occurs due to damage to the facial nerve, which controls facial expressions

Answer 28

Facial Nerve Paralysis

Question 29

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics) − Facial asymmetry: One side of the face may appear drooped or lack movement. − Impaired facial muscle movement: The affected side may be unable to raise the eyebrow, close the eye, or form a smile – drooping corners of the mouth at the affected side. − Potential absence of the Moro reflex: This may occur in severe cases of paralysis. − Facial weakness impacting feeding: The infant may struggle with sucking or feeding due to reduced muscle function

Answer 29

Facial Nerve Paralysis

Question 30

refers to damage to the network of nerves in the neck that control movement and sensation in the arm. It occurs during childbirth, often due to stretching or tearing of these nerves during a difficult delivery, leading to weakness or paralysis in the affected arm

Answer 30

Brachial Paralysis

Question 31

Brachial Paralysis is only known as?

Answer 31

Brachial Plexus Injury

Question 32

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics) − Flaccid arm with absent or decreased movement. − Asymmetrical Moro reflex (startle reflex). − Weak grip on the affected side. − Abnormal posture of the arm (e.g., extended and rotated inward).

Answer 32

Brachial Paralysis

Question 33

brachial plexus injury that impacts the upper arm's nerves, particularly the C5 and C6 nerve roots. It causes arm weakness or paralysis, often resulting from childbirth trauma

Answer 33

Erb-Duchenne Paralysis

Question 34

What nerve two nerve roots does erb’s palsy occur?

Answer 34

C5 and C6

Question 35

Erb-Duchenne Paralysis is also known as?

Answer 35

Erb’s Palsy

Question 36

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics) − Arm hangs limp, internally rotated, and adducted. − Weak or absent Moro reflex on the affected side – Decreased grip strength in the affected hand. − Lack of spontaneous movement in the upper arm. − Sensory loss along the outer arm

Answer 36

Erb-Duchenne Paralysis or “Erb’s Palsy”

Question 37

type of brachial plexus injury that affects the lower portion of the brachial plexus, often caused by excessive pulling on the arm during childbirth. This condition leads to paralysis of the forearm and hand muscles, potentially extending to the wrist and hand as well

Answer 37

Klumpke Palsy

Question 38

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics) − Paralysis of the hand and forearm: Inability to move the hand and wrist. − "Claw hand" deformity: Flexion of the wrist and fingers due to paralysis of the muscles that extend them. − Loss of sensation: Numbness in the affected areas of the arm and hand. − Atrophy: Weakening or wasting of the muscles in the forearm and hand (if not treated). − Limited arm movement: Reduced or absent movement of the arm or wrist

Question 39

second most common type of plexus injury. It refers to damage to all the nerves in the brachial plexus. The entire arm and hand are paralyzed, hang limp, and motionless at the side

Answer 39

Total Plexus Injury

Question 40

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics) − Paralysis in the arm and hand. − The arm may hang limp by the side, with the elbow extended and the hand rotated inward. − Loss of sensation in the affected arm and hand. − Absent reflexes in the affected arm

Answer 40

Total Plexus Injury

Question 41

condition in newborns resulting from damage to the phrenic nerve during delivery. This nerve controls the diaphragm, so its injury can impair breathing by affecting the diaphragm's movement

Answer 41

Phrenic Nerve Paralysis

Question 42

Signs/Symptoms (Defining characteristics) – Respiratory distress – Usually unilateral in affectation; lung on the affected side does not expand; – Breathing is thoracic, and cyanosis, tachypnea or complete respiratory failure may be seen. − Respiratory distress (e.g., difficulty breathing, cyanosis). − Asymmetrical chest movements during respiration. − Weak or absent diaphragmatic movement on the affected side, leading to paradoxical breathing. − Decreased oxygen saturation levels

Answer 42

Phrenic Nerve Paralysis

Question 43

Results in diaphragmatic paralysis as demonstrated by ultrasonography; with paradoxical chest movement and elevated diaphragm

Answer 43

Phrenic Nerve Paralysis

Question 44

Sometimes occur in conjunction with brachial palsy

Answer 44

Phrenic Nerve Paralysis

Question 45

Most likely to develop Pneumonia and Atelectasis

Answer 45

Phrenic Nerve Paralysis

Question 46

A more dynamic imaging study to observe diaphragmatic motion during respiration

Answer 46

Fluoroscopy

Question 47

Conditions where the infant experiences partial or complete loss of motor function in one or more parts of the body

Answer 47

NEUROLOGIC (PARALYSES)

Question 48

Caused by various factors during labor and delivery, such as prolonged or difficult labor, the use of forceps or vacuum extraction, or the size and position of the baby.

Answer 48

FRACTURE

Question 49

Usually benign but occasionally result in serious injury

Answer 49

HEAD TRAUMA

Question 50

Sustained in the form of bruising and abrasion secondary to Dystocia

Answer 50

SOFT TISSUE INJURY

Question 51

Uterine Dysfunction Preterm or posterm labor Cephalopelvic disproportion

Answer 51

Maternal factors

Question 52

Fetal macrosomia Multifetal gestation Abnormal presentation Congenital anomalies

Answer 52

Dystocia

Question 53

Use of intrapartum monitoring Collection of fetal scalp blood

Answer 53

Intrapartum events

Question 54

Forceps birth Vacuum extraction Version and extraction Cesarean birth

Answer 54

Obstetric birth technique

Question 55

What are the different birth injury factors?

Answer 55

Maternal factors Dystocia Intrapartum events Obstetric birth technique

Question 56

It is the term used to define a DIFFICULT DELIVERY

Answer 56

Dystocia