Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bisc 160 > Bisc 162 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bisc 162 Exam 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The various reactions that make up animal metabolism are not equally sensitive to temperature. Which of the following values reflects this fact?

A

Q10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most physiological processes

A

occur more rapidly as temperatures increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following is an anatomical feature possessed by endotherms that reduces heat loss?

A

short ears/appendages, insulation, and decreased surface area-volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homeostasis refers to the tendency to keep body systems

A

in a steady state over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

During parturition (childbirth), oxytocin stimulates uterine muscle contractions, which pushes the baby into the birth canal, which stimulates more oxytocin release. This is an example of:

A

positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In regulatory systems, negative feedback

A

turns off the effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During the day, hummingbirds beat their wings as often as 60 times per second. This raises their temperature to a level they cannot maintain at night. At night they enter a state of torpor, and their body temperature drops close to the ambient temperature. Hummingbirds are therefore

A

heterotherms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of these pairings is a good example of Bergmann’s Rule?

A

white-tailed deer in the Florida Keys are tiny compared to the same species in Canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following statements about positive feedback is false?
a. It amplifies a deviation from the set point
b. It is more commonly observed than negative feedback.
c. It tends to reach a limit and terminate rapidly.
d. It amplifies a deviation from the set point
e. The production of some hormones is influenced by positive feedback

A

It is more commonly observed than negative feedback.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The thermoneutral zone is best defined as:

A

The range of temperatures wherein metabolic rate is low and independent of environmental temperature in endotherms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When animals acclimatize to a temperature, the reaction rates of their enzymes may be greater than we would expect based on the Q10 values measured at a different temperature. How is this possible?

A

animals can switch to different isozymes with better temperature optima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the advantages of being big?

A
  1. prey on other smaller things
  2. able to resist/work against forces (waves)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 4 different types of tissue?

A

epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are epithelial tissue?

A

sheets of cells that create barriers b/w different compartments & have secretory functions
Ex: compartmentalization (epidermis, lining of lungs & SI), tubules & ducts, and secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are muscle tissue?

A

contract to generate force & movement
Ex: cardiac, smooth (GI & blood vessels), skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are connective tissue?

A

provide structure & support
Ex: bones, blood cells, ligaments & tendons, and adipose (brown & white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are nervous tissue?

A

convey & process information
Ex: sensors, Glia (support), and neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the definition of homeostasis?

A

narrow range of stable & optimal physical & biochemical conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the parts of homeostasis?

A
  1. set point (reference point)
  2. comparator (sensing current value & comparing to set)
  3. feedback info (sensing the value)
  4. error signal (any difference b/w value and set)
  5. commands to regulate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

info used to counteract influence created by error signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

amplifies response (increases deviation from set point)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is feedforward information?

A

changes set point in anticipation of change in conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are thermoregulatory adaptations?

Study These Flashcards
A

enables them to tolerate extreme conditions/control body temp in spite of environmental changes

24
Q

what are examples of thermoregulatory adaptations?

Study These Flashcards
A

antifreeze, heat shock proteins, isozymes (same enzyme at different temps), blood shunts, sweating/panting, shivering, integument, and behavior

25
what is acclimation?
alterations of physiological processes to cope with environmental change (Ex: isozymes/change in cell membrane structure)
26
what is Q10 value?
measure of temp sensitivity (factor calculated by diving rate of reaction @ certain temp by same process at a -10 temp)
27
what is a homeotherm?
animals with constant body temp
28
what is a poikilotherm?
fluctuating body temp
29
what is endotherm?
vary metabolic heat production to compensate for loss of heat
30
what is ectotherm?
largely dependent on environmental source of heat
31
what is heterotherm?
organisms that act like ectotherms sometimes and endotherms sometime
32
what are the 4 sources of heat exchange?
radiation: heat moves from warm to cool convection: heat exchanges with surrounding medium (air/water) conduction: heat flow directly b/w 2 objects @ different temp evaporation: heat transferred away when water moves
33
what is the therm-neutral zone?
metabolic rates of endotherm at low levels & independent of environmental temp
34
what is daily torpor and more exaggerated torpor?
regulated hypothermia; more exaggerated is hibernation
35
how do some endotherms respond to the cold?
by producing heat-> adapt with brown fat, which has protein (thermogenin) -> uncouples proton movement from ATP production, allowing protons to leak across inner mitochondrial membrane
36
what are the 4 classes of hormones?
1. growth factors influence cell division 2. morphogens influence developmental processes 3. cytokines control immune system cells 4. neurotransmitters for nerve cell communication
37
what are the 3 chemical groups of hormones?
1. peptide/protein hormone (majority; water soluble) 2. steroid: synthesized from cholesterol; not water-soluble) 3. amine: synthesized by tyrosine; some polar/some not
38
what is the pituitary gland and where does it sit?
the pituitary is the interface b/w nervous and endocrine system - anterior pituitary controlled via hypothalamic neurohormones & posterior contain long extensions of hypothalamic neurons that control it
39
what hormones does posterior produce?
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
40
what does anterior produce?
it produces tropic hormones that control other glands - 4 main: thyrotropin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormones - others include prolactin, growth hormone, enkephalins & endorphins, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
41
how does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?
via hypothalamic-pituitary blood vessels - blood vessels that begin & end at capillary bends (hypothalamic cells secrete neurohormone where stalk beings -> diffuse in blood vessels -> carried in blood where portal vessels end in anterior pituitary)
42
how can endocrine cells be under direct & indirect control of negative feedback?
long loop b/w final hormone & anterior/hypothalamus & short loop b/w tropic hormone & hypothalamus
43
how does the thyroid make thyroxin?
follicle cells make thyroglobulin (polymer of tyrosine) in ER & send to Golgi. Follicle also take up iodide via Na+ cotransport. Thyroglobulin released into lumen w/ peroxidase (converts iodide to iodine) -> combine together & follicle cells take up iodinated thyroglobulin by endocytosis -> bits cleaved and released
44
how does hyperthyroidism occur?
excess thyroxine where there's antibodies to TSH - activates TSH to produce thyroxine -> blood levels of TSH low b/c negative feedback but thyroid remains stimulated
45
how does hypothyroidism occur?
when not enough thyroxine to turn off TSH
46
what does insulin do and what parts of pancreas produce islets of Langerhan?
help cells take up glucose by causing GLUT4 transporters to move to cell membrane - Beta cells make insulin - Alpha cells make glucagon - Delta cells make somatostatin
47
what does the adrenal cortex make?
corticosteroids 1. Mineralocorticoids influence salt & water balance (aldosterone stimulated conservation Na & excrete K) 2. Glucocorticoid influence blood glucose, fat, protein & carb metabolism (cortisol stimulated tissue not critical to use fats & proteins, increase BP, inhibit immune & reproductive, slow digestion) 3. Sex steroid
48
what is the route of action potential?
dendrites collect info from other neurons -> cell body contains nucleus & most cell organelles -> info collected by dendrites integrated in axon hillock (generates action potential) -> axon conducts AP away from cell body -> axon terminates synapses w/ target cells
49
what are the types of glia?
oligodendrocytes wrap around axons, covering w/ concentric layers of cell membrane (prevent leaking) Schwann cells provide myelin insulin in periphery Ependymal cells line central fluid-filled chambers in brain (ventricles) and produce cerebrospinal fluid Astrocytes have several functions: 1) take up neurotransmitters 2) supply neurons with nutrients 3) signaling with neurotransmitters 4) aid in repair & regen 5) signal changes in composition of blood w/ blood-brain barrier
50
what is difference b/w microglia and macroglia cells?
macro support & modulate functions of neurons micro are phagocytic cells for immune support
51
what is resting membrane potential and membrane potential?
resting: more close to K+ b/c cell more leaky to K+ membrane potential is a charge difference across membrane
52
what is voltage (electric potential difference)?
force that causes electrically charged particles to move b/w two points
53
what is the difference between depolarization and hyper polarization?
depolarization is when the cell is less negative (sodium) and hyper polarization is when the cell is more negative (potassium)
54
what do myelin sheath create?
nodes of Ranvier where under sheath (no K+/Na+ channel) but AP firing at node instant travels along axon to next node - forms saltatory conduction
55
what are the different types of neurons?
afferent: carry sensory info to nervous system efferent: carry commands to physiological & behavioral effectors (muscles/glands) interneurons: integrated and store info: communicate b/w afferent and efferent
56
what is spinal reflex?
very simple neural circuit involving few neurons that connect in spinal cord

Bisc 160 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions