Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BISC Final > BISC Final > Flashcards

BISC Final Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Mendel

A

father of modern genetics. before Mendel, most people assumed that mother and fathers genes averaged out. Mendel explained that genes have quantitative effects, which Darwin tried describing.

  • Pea Plant experiment with 2 homozygous genes (1 dominant one recessive)
  • principal of independent assortment and segregation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dawkins

A

english ethnologist/evolutionary biologist

  • author of The Selfish Gene
  • authored the Extended Phenotype here he introduces the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism’s body, but can stretch far into the environment including the bodies of other organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Darwin

A

evolutionary theorist
-authored On the Origin of Species natural selection chooses those inherited traits and combination of traits that confer reproductive success
- focus on speciation→ studied galapagos island finches
finches’ beaks depending on what it ate its beaks would be different
-survival of the fittest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

General Principals of Darwinian evolution

A
  1. organisms produce more offspring than can survive
  2. organisms face a constant struggle to survive
  3. organisms within a species vary
  4. organisms best suited for their environment survive
  5. the organisms that survive will reproduce and pass on their genes aka survival of the fittest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

The energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used to do work. The free energy of a system is the sum of its enthalpy (H) plus the product of the temperature (Kelvin) and the entropy (S) of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diffusion

A

spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with out requiring energy (exergonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • moves along protein engines
  • moves things to different locations
  • makes ATP (energy within the cell) without the need of oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Wallace and the Wallace Line

A

Alfred Russell Wallace formulated ideas while studying wildlife in the islands of south east asia. particularly interested in the difference in birds differing in the islands. He noticed that in Bali the birds were clearly related to those of the larger islands of Java and Sumatra and mainland Malaysia. On Lombok the birds were clearly related to those of New Guinea and Australia.
-he made an imaginary line because of this and it is now called Wallaces line. Established border between austrialia and asia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

continental drift

A

Wegener published a paper explaining his theory that the continental landmasses were “drifting” across the Earth, sometimes plowing through oceans and into each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

australiasia

A

australia, new zealand, transmania, new guinea, indonesia

-diverse land masses, different soils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sexual selection

A

is a mode of natural selection in which some individuals out reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates→ why male and female species look differently (ex: peacock feathers, antlers on male deer, and manes on lions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cumulative selection

A 
cumulative selective (in which each improvement, however slight, is used as a basis for future building), and single-step selection (in which each new ‘try’ is a fresh one). if evolutionary progress had had to rely on single-step selection, it would never have got anywhere. 
-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

monkey with typewriter

A

Dawkins talks about the probability of putting a monkey in front of a typewriter and him writing Hamlet. Monkey bashes away at keyboard trying to create a sentence. Tried 64 times before he got it right.
-shows that evolution proceeds by increments rather than single step.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Darwin’s Finches

A

group of 15 birds that Darwin studied on the galapagos island, led him to realizing the differences and modifications of birds leading him to think of natural selection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of life in a certain ecostystem

-habitat diversity and genetic diversity are also types of biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Frequency

A

the ratio of the number of a given event and the total number of all events. It is always a number between 0 and 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Probability

A

the expected frequency of a given event. It is always a number between 0 and 1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dominant alleles

A

dominant alleles show their copy even if there is only one copy of that allele. Ex: brown eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Recessive Alleles

A

recessive alleles sshow their copy if there are two copies of that allele. For example, the allele for blue eyes is recessive, therefore to have blue eyes you need to have two copies of the ‘blue eye’ allele.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

definition of species

A

species is an interbreeding population that is separated from other populations by a barrier of sterility or inviability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Battle of the sexes

A

evolutionary stable strategy..need more info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

replicator definition

A

anything on earth in which copies are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

active replicator

A

replicator whose nature has some influence over its probability of being copied
-express themselves by coding for enzymes and structural proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

passive replicator

Study These Flashcards
A

replicator whose nature has NO influence over its probability of being copied

25
germ line replicator
replicator that is potentially the ancestor of long line of descendent replicators - gene in a gamete is germ-line replicator - genes propagate through meiosis, travel through -eggs/sperm
26
dead line replicator
replicator (passive OR active) copied a FINITE # of times - short chain of descendents - Most of the genes in our body are dead - propagate through mitosis
27
survival machine
genes within this must work together in order to survive. need more info
28
speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. Natural selection will act to select against individuals that mate with the newly-branched, other species
29
mutations
change in nucleotide sequence
30
origins of life
collisions of asteroids and comets. cooling of molten products led to condensation of water vapor which led to oceans. continual rain of organic material supplies earth with elements needed for life
31
natural selection
is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype;[1] it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term "natural selection" was popularized by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.
32
arms race
predator and prey can lead to arms race
33
beavers
they are extended phenotypes (half aquatic). build dams. beavers go out and chop down vegtation to make dams.. promoting beaver dams will bring back the beaver population
34
mitosis
part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.
35
meiosis
special type of cell division which reduces the chromosome in half. process occurs with all plants animals and fungi
36
homozygous traits
Homozygous is a word that refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes. It is referred to by two capital letters (XX) for a dominant trait, and two lowercase letters (xx) for a recessive trait.
37
heterozygous traits
Heterozygosity occurs when an individual has two different alleles of a gene. Sometimes one allele is dominant over the other (black fur over chocolate fur), and the heterozygote has the dominant phenotype (black fur).
38
industrial melanism-- pepper moth in england
increase in the number of black colored moths due to pollution from industrialization. -Melanism is a development of the dark-colored pigment melanin in the skin or its appendages
39
gamete
Gamete: a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
40
fertilization
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the uterine tube. The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development.
41
genotype
The genotype is that part of the genetic makeup of a cell, which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that cell/organism/individual. can also refer to the two alleles inherited in a particular gene.
42
phenotype
observable traits ie hair color, eye color, skin tone
43
why replicators must be selfish
replicator is competitive so must be selfish. they ease competition with metabolic diversity
44
fitness
the likelihood of reproductive success
45
hawks v. doves
shows outcomes if a hawk is aggressive and a dove pretends to be aggressive but hides for safety. basically shows a game theory where
46
mitosis
Mitosis is part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.
47
meiosis
meiosis: special type of cell division which reduces the chromosome in half. process occurs with all plants animals and fungi
48
island biogeography- MacArthur Wilson Theory
The theory tries to predict the probability of survival of species on an island based on immigration and extinction Larger islands contain larger habitat areas and opportunities for more different varieties of habitat. Larger habitat size reduces the probability of extinction due to chance events. Habitat heterogeneity increases the number of species that will be successful after immigration.
49
sources of genetic variation
mutation, gene flow and sex
50
extended phenotype
- dawkins - expression of the body beyond the survival gene - ex: beaver dam, spiders web, bird nest
51
game theory
the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers.
52
virunga national park
park in the Congo trying to save guerrillas from extinction
53
Cuckoo arm race
- Dawkins - Female cuckooks have the ability to lay their eggs in a neighbors nest instead of their own, after removing the host’s eggs. Dawkins interprets this as cuckoo birds trying to maximize their copies survival versus the survival of other hosts copies. he calls this the “arms race” between cuckoos and their adversaries. In this case the cuckoos have one the genetic arms race.
54
3 kingdoms of life
Bacteria Eukaryote Archaea
55
continental drift
s the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed
56
Origin of eukaryote cells
The oldest eukaryotic fossil is approximately 1.5 billion years old. The origin of the eukaryotes must have appeared before because the fossil is of a relative complex single-celled organism.
57
two types of chemical reactions
combination and synthesis
58
ATP
high energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy
59
electronegativty and the periodic table
Electronegativity measures an atom's tendency to attract and form bonds with electrons. qualitative, so hard to measure. But you can use the Pauling Scale on the periodic table to measure electronegativity

BISC Final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions