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Bismarck 1871-1890 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the May laws start being introduced

A

1873

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2
Q

What were the May laws

A

-civil marriage was made compulsory

-catholic education would be state supervised from 1873

-the state now registered marriages and deaths rather than the church from 1874

-state funding for Catholic Churches was ended

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3
Q

How many Germans were catholic after Germany unified 1871

A

37%

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4
Q

Why did the kulturkampf start

A

Zentrum represented catholics. They were considered the “home” of bismarcks “enemies” in 1871

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5
Q

How did the kulturkampf start

A

Diplomatic relations were cut with the Vatican in 1872 after Catholicism was removed from political positions in the ministry of religion and education.

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6
Q

What happened to catholic bishops in Prussia and by when

A

They had all been imprisoned or exiled by 1876. Leaving 1400 parishes without priests.

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7
Q

Who opposed the kulturkampf

A

Zentrum: they claimed that bismarck was encroaching on religious freedoms and formed alliances with the progressives and liberals to try and stop it.

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8
Q

What were the Jesuit laws and when were they

A

Laws to stop jesuits (members of the society of Jesus) from preaching. 1872

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9
Q

Why did the kulturkampf end

A

-bismarck wanted to align with Austria who were very catholic

-he thought socialism was becoming a larger threat than catholics

-he wanted to align with the Protestant Conservative Party but worried that they would refuse because of his religious hostility

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10
Q

Effects of unification politically

A

-willhelm 1 became kaiser of a unified Germany 1871

-reichstag formed 1871 with limited power comprised of elected representatives

-centralised power

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11
Q

When was the single supreme court set up and what did it do

A
  1. Handled civil and criminal cases.
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12
Q

1871 vote share numbers

A

Liberals: 125 seats
Zentrum: 63 seats

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13
Q

1874 vote share numbers and trajectory

A

Liberals: 155 seats ⬆️
Zentrum: 91 seats ⬆️

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14
Q

1877 and 1878 vote share numbers and trajectory

A

Liberals: 128 seats⬇️, 99 seats⬇️
Zentrum: 93 seats⬆️, 94 seats⬆️

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15
Q

1890 election result shares and trajectory

A

Liberals: 42 seats ⬇️
Zentrum: 106 seats ⬆️👑
SPD: 35 seats ⬆️

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16
Q

1881 election result shares and trajectory

A

Liberals: 47 seats ⬇️⬇️
Zentrum: 100 seats ⬆️👑

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17
Q

When was the SPD formed

A

1875

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18
Q

How successful was the SPD initially

A

-won 500,000 votes and 12 seats in the 1877 election

-reached 1.5 million members by 1877

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19
Q

What was the SPD blamed for that caused bismarck to feel threatened

A

2 assassination attempts on Bismarck in 1878

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20
Q

When were the anti socialist laws

A

October 1878, after the assassination attempts

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21
Q

What did the anti-socialist laws do

A

-banned newspaper articles and books about socialism

-banned socialist meetings and trade unions

-established penalties for socialism such as fines and imprisonment

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22
Q

What was the result of the anti socialist laws

A

-15,000 socialist activists imprisoned

-socialism grew in popularity contrary to what Bismarck wanted

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23
Q

When did the anti socialist laws end and why

A
  1. Bismarck was quickly losing influence and they were no longer effective at suppressing socialism.
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24
Q

What was opposed by the reichstag in terms of the anti socialist laws

A

An extension to them in 1889

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25
Why was the reichstag weak in this period
It had little influence over decisions besides budget. The kaiser and chancellor had far more power.
26
How did bismarck dominate as chancellor
He aligned politically with Wilhelm 1 and was not contested by him
27
Why did Bismarck resign in 1890
-he was increasingly clashing with Wilhelm 2 over things like expansionism -Wilhelm 2 and Bismarck had very different personalities: Bismarck being strategic and diplomatic whilst Wilhelm was impulsive and unwilling to listen -Wilhelm 2 told him to step down
28
What did Wilhelm 2 and Bismarck disagree over
-Wilhelm didn’t allow him to dissolve the reichstag in 1890 -he let bismarcks well thought Reinsurance Teaty with Russia lapse in 1890 worsening relations with Russia -Wilhelm favoured weltpolitik over bismarcks sammlungpolitik
29
What social reform policies did Bismarck introduce
-old age pensions 1889 for people over 70 -medical insurance 1883 to cover medical bills of over 3 million workers -accident insurance 1884 -disability insurance 1889
30
what was the length of railways by 1890
43,000km
31
what did increased railway lengths mean for germany economically
-increased urbanisation -more internal competition nationally especially from farmers -rural to urban migration (6 million) -more job opportunities and reduced unemployment as they could travel to jobs and be part of making the railways
32
what did more internal competition nationally mean for germany
-more technological advancement especially chemical and electrical -better quality products -worse for smaller businesses as they cant compete -lower prices internally
33
when was the reichbank introduced
1876
34
what was the reichbank for
-introduced a new unified currency (Mark) great for internal trade and economic coordination -reichmark was backed by gold making it more credible abroad and prevented inflation -more unity overall
35
how did german unification benefit the economy (main themes)
-railways -single bank/currency -shared resources
36
what did unification do to help germany industrialise
it gave national access to areas such as the rhineland and ruhr which were highly industrial and resource rich
37
how did the number of cartels change by 1890
8 cartels in 1875 increased to 70 by 1887
38
what were cartels
groups that promoted cooperation between industries and businesses to make better use of resources
39
what was positive about cartels
-increased cooperation meant that planning resource usage was better -more coordination meant easier exports abroad as it showed stability -stabilised prices
40
what was bad about cartels
-decreased competition which leads to higher prices -less innovation
41
what was the change in coal and steel production 1871-1890
coal: 29 million tonnes ->73 million tonnes steel: 0.2 million tonnes -> 2.1 million tonnes
42
what percentage of GDP was in agriculture 1871-1890
35-40% -> 25%
43
what percentage of people were employed in agriculture 1871-1890
49% -> 38%
44
how many people migrated from rural to urban areas by 1890
6 million
45
why was there rural to urban migration
-more industrial job opportunities -availability from railway expansion
46
what was the average GDP growth per year 1871-1890
3.5%
47
what was germanys exports by 1890 valued at
3.5 billion marks
48
when were tariffs first introduced by bismarck
1879
49
what group campaigned for the introduction of tariffs
the central assosiation of german manufacturers
50
how did tariffs benefit junkers and farmers
protected them from cheap grain imports which helped them keep reasonable prices internally
51
how did tariffs benefit industrialists
protected industries from british and french competition allowing companies like Krupp and Thyssen to dominate in germany
52
why did Bismarck introduce tariffs
-to decrease foreign trade and increase it internally -he wanted to protect wealthy junkers like himself and maintain their political power/wealth -he was being pressured by the "alliance of steel and rye"
53
who did tariffs hurt
workers and consumers as prices rose significantly on food without proportional wage rises
54
what did the increase in internal competition from tariffs do
decreased germanys reliance on other nations trade in case of a war
55
what was unemployment at 1871-1890
-low unemployment until 1873 due to economic boom -high unemployment 1873-1879 due to great depression -less unemployment 1879-1890 due to more industrialisation
56
when were tariffs on food increased
1885 for grain and meat
57
when were tariffs on industrial products raised
1887 for chemicals, machinery and textiles
58
what deal was made between germany and russia and when
the 1874 reinsurance treaty
59
what did the reinsurance treaty do
reduced tariffs on russian imports into germany
60
why did Bismarck want the reinsurance treaty to be signed
-to prevent another french and russian alliance like in the Franco-prussian war of 1870 -helped germany to export goods to russia
61
what racial theories were becoming more popular 1871-1890
-social darwinism -euegenics -anti-semitism -the primitive nature of other races
62
what was social darwinism
the idea that there was an "aryan" race which was genetically superior to others
63
what is eugenics
improving the quality of genetics through selective breeding or forced sterilisations based on how "desirable" they were
64
how was anti-semitism most obviously shown by Bismarck
the removal of 34,000 Jews and Poles 1885-1886
65
what colonies were established under bismarck
-German East africa 1885 (after the Berlin Conference 1884-1885) -cameroon 1884
66
what percentage of germany had french roots
2-3% in alsace lloraine
67
what percentage of germany had Polish roots
3-4%
68
what percentage of germany were jewish
0.8-1%
69
what percentage of germany were slavs
2-3%
70
what group was particularly anti-semetic? why?
junkers/elitists: they blamed jews for liberalism
71
what did junkers/elitists want to happen to jews
they wanted a ban on jewish immigration
72
what were junkers/elites generally associated with
traditionalism/ conservativism
73
what alliance existed between junkers/landowners and factory owners
the "alliance of steel and rye"
74
what did the "alliance of steel and rye" want
protection via tariffs
75
what happened with military spending under bismark
it was agreed in 1874 that the reichstag would vote on military spending every 7 years
76
Did Bismarck support Weltpolitik or Sammlungpolitik
Sammlungpolitik- policy of concentration/unification rather than expansionism
77
what party campained for womens rights
SPD
78
how successful was the SPD in campaigning for womens rights
not successful at all. they failed to get the vote
79
how were women treated traditionally 1871-1890
-traditional household roles -no right to vote -few worked -when married, property became their husbands
80
what work did women do 1871-1890
-some poor women did manual labour in farms and factories -middle class women fulfilled traditional household roles and did no other work -a few rich women did charity work
81
what was bad for unskilled workers at the time
their wages were very low
82
how did leisure improve 1871-1890
-growth of the railway networks meant more communication and access to non-local leisure activities -national telephone network
83
when was the national telephone network set up
1881
84
when was medical insurance introduced for workers, what was it for and how many did it cover
1883, to cover medical bills of workers, 3 million workers
85
when was accident insurance introduced and who was it for
1884, for workers injured at their workplace
86
when were old age pensions introduced and who for
1889, for people aged 70+
87
when did Wilhelm 1 die and how old was he
1888, 90 years old

German History (6 decks)

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