BL L25 Flashcards
(38 cards)
Approaches to anatomy (4 types)
- Body regions
- Systems
- Radiological approach to anatomy
- Surgical anatomy e.g. how to get to the liver
Body regions - 8 major ones
- Head
- Neck
- Thorax
- Back
- Abdomen
- Pelvis/perineum
- Lower limb
- Upper limb
Regions of the lower limb (not leg - this is not the correct term!)
- Gluteal region
- Anterior thigh region
- Posterior thigh region
- Anterior knee region
- Posterior knee region
- Anterior leg region
- Posterior leg region
- Anterior talocrural (ankle) region
- Posterior talocrural region
- Foot region
What is the anatomical position?
• Face forward, with your eyes and toes pointing in the same direction
• Put your arms by your sides with the palms facing forwards
• Put your lower limbs close together with your feet parallel to each other
- Tongue needs to be touching top of your mouth
- Penis erect
Planes - ‘Slicing the body - sectional anatomy’
- Sagittal plane: cuts the body into left and right halfs
- Median sagittal plane - cuts the body down the middle into each left and right halves
- Para-sagittal plane - cuts the body off the midline (two unequal halves)
- Coronal plane: Slice the body into front and back halfs (think of putting on a crown)
- Transverse plane/axial plane: cut the body into top and bottom
What plane is this taken in?
Coronal plane
What plane is this taken in?
Sagittal plane
What plane is this taken in?
4 major ways of taking about position (top, bottom, front, back)
- Superior: closer to the top of the head
- Inferior: closer to the soles of the feet
- Anterior: closer to the abdominal wall
- Posterior: closer to the spine in the back
What is an important thing to remember when taking about superior, inferior, … etc
Relative terms, not absolute
e.g. can’t say the mouth is superior. Must say, mouth is superior to the neck. Equally can’t say belly button is anterior. Must say, belly button is anterior to the heart.
MUST COMPARE IT TO SOMETHING ELSE
Embryology terms…
These are different due to folding, embroyo position is C shaped!
Embryo - two terms used to describe relative positions
Rostral - closer to the nose
Caudal - closer to the tail
Ventral
Dorsal
Meaning of elevation and depression
- Elevation: moving a body part in a superior direction
- Depression: moving a body part in an inferior direction
Meaning of superficial, intermediate, deep
- Superficial
- Intermediate
- Deep
All relative
e.g. skin is superficial to muscle
bone is deep to muscle
Proximal and distal
Relates to how far the structure is from the body to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
e.g. elbow is distal to the shoulder
elbow is proximal to the wrist
Medial and lateral
Medial - closer to the midline
Lateral - further from the midline
Palmer and dorsal
Specific to hands
- Palm of the hand is the palmer surface
- Back of hand is the dorsal surface
Plantar and dorsal
Specific to the foot
Terms of laterality - Name of structures that are on the same side? Name of structures that are on opposite sides?
Structure on the same side - ipsilateral (e.g. left hand and left foot)
Structures on opposite side - contralateral (e.g. left hand and right foot)
What is situs invertus?
Genetic condition in which the organs in the chest and abdomen are positioned in a mirror image from their normal positions
What is dextrocardia?
Dextrocardia is a condition in which the heart is pointed toward the right side of the chest. Normally, the heart points toward the left. The condition is present at birth
Terms of movement, movement occur:
- At joints
- In a given plane (e.g. moving in the sagittal plane or the coronal plane etc)
- With reference to the anatomical position
Flexion and extension - what are this?
Flexion - decreasing the angle of the joint
Extension - increasing anlge of the joint
Flexion and extension mostly occurs in….
…Sagittal plane
- extension and flexion of lower limb
- extension and flexion of the shoulder joint
- extension and flexion of the elbow joint
- torso, wrist, knee and fingers as well (can’t remember the technical way of saying this)
