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Body logistics > BL Lymphatics > Flashcards

BL Lymphatics Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the flow of lymph

A

Capillaries > vessels > trunks > ducts > right lymphatic duct OR thoracic duct (left)

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2
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • fluid balance
  • transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins
  • defence against invading pathogens and disease
  • storage of and destruction of aged erythrocytes
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3
Q

What is responsible for storage and destruction of aged erythrocytes?

A

Spleen
Liver can take over after splenectomy

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4
Q

How does the lymphatic system defend against invading pathogens?

A
  • lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter lymph to removed microorganisms + foreign particles
  • T + B lymphocytes + macrophages
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5
Q

Identify the cells of the lymphatic system

A
  • lymphocytes - B+T cells + natural killer cells
  • supporting cells - follicular dendritic cells + macrophages
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6
Q

Identify tissues of the lymphatic system

A

Mucosal associated lymphatic tissue (MALT):
- gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)
- bronchus associated lymphatic tissue (BALT)

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7
Q

Organ of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen

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8
Q

Identify the lymphatic nodules of the lymphatic system

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Vermiform appendix

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9
Q

Function of the thymus in the lymphatic system

A

Primary lymphatic organ
Responsible for maturation of immature T cells

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10
Q

Function of the spleen in the lymphatic system

A
  • Consists of red pulp - filters RBC
  • Consists of white pulp - filters pathogens
  • Contains B+T cells - adaptive immune function
  • Stores +destroys old erythrocytes
  • Clears encapsulated bacteria
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11
Q

What bacterial infections are patients with a splenectomy at an increased risk of and why?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae

Spleen is important in clearing encapsulated bacteria

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12
Q

Function of vermiform appendix

A

Prevents pathogens entering through the GI tract
Contains crypts and M-fold cells

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13
Q

What is the vermiform appendix?

A

An out punching from the caecum (first part of the large intestine)
Lower right quadrant of abdomen

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14
Q

What are Payer’s patches?

A

Collection of lymphatic nodules attached to the side of the ileum
Prevent pathogens entering the blood through digestion

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15
Q

Function of Payer’s patches

A

Prevent pathogens entering the blood through digestion

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16
Q

Organisation of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph
Lymph vessles
Lymphoid tissues and organs
Cells contained within tissues and organs

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17
Q

Location of the lymphatic system

A

Everywhere but the CNS
Adjacent to blood vessels

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18
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial serum-like fluid (pH 7.4)

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19
Q

What is chyle?

A

Lymph from the GI tract
White + cloudy - contains fats + dissolved lipids

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20
Q

How much lymph is produced a day?

21
Q

Describe lymphatic capillaries

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Blind ended vessels - closed at one end
  • Incomplete basement membrane with valves to allow fluid to flow one way
22
Q

What three features help to move lymph?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Skeletal muscle movement
  • Pressure changes in thorax during breathing
  • Pulsations of adjacent arteries - lymphangion compression
23
Q

Compare lymphatic capillaries and veins

Study These Flashcards
A

Similarities;
- low pressure
- valves present

Differences:
- no cells in lymphatic normally

24
Q

Name of duct on the right side of the body in lymphatic system

Study These Flashcards
A

Lymphatic duct

25
Name of duct on the left side of the body in lymphatic system
Thoracic duct
26
What is cisterna chyli?
Large container of chyle from GI tract
27
What does the lymphatic duct drain? What does it drain into?
Upper right quadrant of body Right subclavian vein/internal jugular vein
28
What does the thoracic duct drain? What does it drain into?
Rest of body (not the upper right quadrant) - left side of body + everything under umbilicus Left subclavian vein/internal jugular vein
29
Most clinically important lymph nodes
Neck - cervical Groin - inguinal Armpit - axillae Chest - Pectoral region - especially women
30
Structure of lymph nodes
- Afferent lymph vessels enter at convex surface - Efferent lymph vessels leave at concave surface - Multiple follicles - nodules that contain immune cells - made by reticular cells (reticulin - collagen III)
31
Immune cells found in lymph nodes
Macrophages Dendritic cells B+T cells
32
What are dendritic cells?
APCs that activate T cells in lymph nodes
33
Function of lymph node
Filters lymph fluid by trapping antigens from pathogens, processing + presenting them on APCs
34
What is lymphadenopathy?
Enlargement of lymph nodes due to activation of B cells by T cells
35
What is lymphoma? Hodgkin’s vs non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
**Cancer of lymph node** - **Hodgkin’s**: treatable + curable - **Non-Hodgkin’s**: treatable but incurable
36
Primary lymphatic organs
Thymus Bone marrow
37
Secondary lymphatic organs
Lymph node Spleen Tonsils Appendix Payer’s patches
38
Primary vs secondary lymphatic organs function
Primary - production + maturation of immune cells Secondary - trapping + presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes
39
What growth factor induces lymphocyte proliferation?
Interleukins
40
Function of spleen
_Immune function_: - activation + **proliferation of B+T cells** >> production of antibodies - **removal of large antigens** from blood using macrophages _Haemopoietic functions_: - removal + **destruction of old + damaged RBCs** - **storage of RBCs** - **retrieval of iron** from haemoglobin
41
Function of tonsils
prevent pathogen entry through oral + nasal routes
42
What is lymphoedema?
Dysfunction in the lymphatic system resulting in swelling of lymph
43
Casues of primary lymphoedema
Genetic causes
44
Causes of secondary lymphoedema
Surgical removal of nodes Infections Cancers of the lymph nodes - lymphoma
45
Describe the role of sentinel lymph nodes in metastatic cancer
- First lymph node cancer cells drain into from a primary metastatic tumour in order to spread - Used in detecting cancers
46
Treatments of lymphoedema
**Lymph press system** - Pushes lymph up the body - Only improves symptoms, doesn’t cure
47
Compare and contrast lymph nodes and nodules
- Lymph nodules do not have a defined fibrous capsules of connective tissue surrounding the tissue - lymph nodules don’t filter the lymph fluid - no vessels
48
What is Hogkin’s lymphoma characterised by?
Reed sternberg cells
49
What is non Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterised by?
Increased proliferation of B or T cells

Body logistics (20 decks)

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