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Spring 2025 > Blake's A&P Exam 1: Understanding Renal and CV Phys > Flashcards

Blake's A&P Exam 1: Understanding Renal and CV Phys Flashcards

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1
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

The volume of plasma cleared of a compound per unit time

Renal clearance reflects how the kidney handles a compound, whether it is filtered or secreted.

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2
Q

What does free water clearance measure?

A

The volume of water removed from the body per unit time

Free water clearance is influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels.

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3
Q

What is considered normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is approximately 93 mmHg.

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4
Q

How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculated?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (Systolic - Diastolic pressure)

For a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg, MAP calculation results in 93 mmHg.

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5
Q

What is the typical pressure in the pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary arterial pressure ~16 mmHg, Left atrial pressure ~2 mmHg

These values are essential for understanding circulatory dynamics.

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6
Q

What is the difference between compliance and distensibility?

A

Compliance measures change in volume over change in pressure; distensibility measures expandability based on original volume

High compliance means a container can accommodate more volume with minimal pressure.

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7
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

Pulse pressure varies in different parts of the circulation.

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8
Q

What role do one-way valves play in veins?

A

Prevent backflow and support blood flow against gravity

Aging and prolonged standing can impair valve function, leading to varicose veins.

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9
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

A measure of how difficult it is to move blood through a particular part of the circulatory system

Resistance is highest in arterioles.

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10
Q

What does Ohm’s Law state in the context of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pressure (V) equals blood flow (I) times vascular resistance (R)

This law helps explain how pressure drives blood flow.

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11
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect blood pressure?

A

Increased sympathetic tone raises arterial pressure; removal of tone decreases it

Sympathetic tone also affects venous pressure.

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12
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Cardiac output is closely related to venous return.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between venous return and cardiac output?

A

Venous return must equal cardiac output for proper circulatory function

Both need to be maintained for normal blood flow and organ function.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Normal blood pressure is defined as _______.

A

120/80 mmHg

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15
Q

True or False: Blood pooling in the legs can impact blood pressure without affecting heart health.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the significance of right atrial pressure in the circulatory system?

A

It should be zero in a healthy individual, indicating proper blood flow dynamics

A delta P of 100 mmHg is expected in the systemic circulation.

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17
Q

What happens to blood pressure in veins due to gravity?

A

Increases with the height of the column of blood

Pressures can reach 90 mmHg at the base of the foot.

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18
Q

What is the formula for calculating MAP?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (Systolic - Diastolic pressure)

This formula provides a more accurate estimation of mean arterial pressure.

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19
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys in relation to clearance?

A

To filter and clear compounds from plasma

GFR reflects the kidney’s filtration capacity.

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20
Q

What is the importance of maintaining appropriate venous return?

A

It is crucial for normal blood flow and organ function

Venous return affects cardiac output and blood pressure.

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21
Q

What is the pressure profile in capillaries?

A

Starts at 30 mmHg at the arterial end and declines to 10 mmHg at the venous end

This pressure profile is essential for nutrient exchange.

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22
Q

What is the expected pressure upstream of arterioles?

A

High pressure

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23
Q

What is the expected pressure downstream of arterioles?

A

Low pressure

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24
Q

What is the normal capillary blood pressure at the arterial end?

A

30 mmHg

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25
What is the normal blood pressure at the end of the capillaries?
10 mmHg
26
What is the normal right atrial pressure in a healthy individual?
0 mmHg
27
What is the blood pressure at the beginning of systemic circulation?
100 mmHg
28
What is the delta P of systemic circulation?
100 mmHg
29
What is the normal pulmonary arterial pressure?
16 mmHg
30
What is the reasonable systolic and diastolic pressure range in the pulmonary artery?
25 over 8 mmHg
31
What is the normal left atrial pressure in a healthy person?
2 mmHg
32
What is the delta P of the pulmonary circuit?
14 mmHg
33
Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between which two pressures?
Systolic and diastolic pressures
34
What is the normal delta P in the aorta?
40 mmHg
35
True or False: Pulse pressure typically widens in large arteries compared to the aorta.
True
36
What does a widening of pulse pressure indicate about arterial stiffness?
Increased stiffness
37
What is the term used to describe the stretchiness of blood vessels?
Compliance
38
Fill in the blank: Compliance is defined as _______.
Change in volume over change in pressure
39
What happens to pulse pressure if stroke volume increases?
Pulse pressure increases
40
What is the relationship between vascular resistance and pressure in the pulmonary circuit?
Low resistance leads to low pressure
41
What is the expected pulse pressure in the pulmonary circulation?
Much less than in systemic circulation
42
What would happen to pulse pressure if arterial walls are very stiff?
Pulse pressure would be high
43
What does a low compliance indicate about a blood vessel?
Requires high pressure to accommodate volume
44
What is expected in the pressure profile of the left ventricle during diastole?
Low pressure
45
During ventricular contraction, what happens to the pressure in the left ventricle?
Pressure increases significantly
46
What happens to ventricular pressure during contraction?
It increases significantly, peaking above aortic pressure to allow blood flow into the aorta.
47
What is the pressure range in the left ventricle during filling and ejection?
Low during filling and high during ejection.
48
How does the right ventricle's pressure compare to pulmonary arterial pressure during ejection?
It has a pressure approximately the same as pulmonary arterial pressure.
49
What is the peak systolic pressure in the right ventricle?
Approximately 25 mmHg.
50
What factors contribute to high resistance in arterioles?
* Thick walls * Narrow openings * Smooth muscle cells
51
How do veins differ from arteries in terms of structure?
* More stretchy * Wider internal diameter * Thinner walls
52
What is the primary role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
Nutrient and gas exchange.
53
What type of cells line the capillaries?
Endothelial cells.
54
What is the normal diameter of the aorta?
Two to two and a half centimeters.
55
How does aging affect the aorta's properties?
It becomes less stretchy and more rigid, increasing pulse pressure.
56
What is the standard cardiac output for a healthy adult?
Five liters per minute.
57
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
Cardiac output = Stroke volume × Heart rate.
58
What is the normal heart rate for the specified class?
72 beats per minute.
59
What happens to blood flow velocity in relation to cross-sectional area?
Velocity increases as the cross-sectional area decreases.
60
True or False: Blood has many options to flow through in the systemic circulation.
True.
61
What occurs at the arterial end of capillaries?
Filtration of fluid.
62
What is the capillary pressure at the arterial end?
30 mmHg.
63
What is the capillary pressure at the venous end?
10 mmHg.
64
What is the effect of gravity on blood pressure in the cardiovascular system?
It increases pressure the further below a pressure source you are.
65
What is the reference point for zero pressure inside the heart?
The center of the tricuspid valve.
66
What blood pressure is expected at the umbilicus when standing?
About 22 mmHg.
67
What blood pressure is expected in a large vein in the foot when standing still?
About 90 mmHg.
68
What happens to blood pressure above the isogravimetric point?
It decreases.
69
What is the pressure in the neck veins due to their structure?
About zero mmHg.
70
What causes sub-atmospheric pressure in the superior sagittal sinus?
The rigid structure of the sinus and position of the head above the heart.
71
Fill in the blank: The type of pressure that increases as you go deeper below a pressure source is measured in _______.
mmHg.
72
What happens to air pressure in the sinus if it has open access to the outside environment?
Air is sucked in due to sub atmospheric pressure ## Footnote This occurs when the head is above the heart in the normal anatomical position.
73
What is the reference point for measuring blood pressure in the upright position?
The middle of the heart ## Footnote This is where a pressure cuff should ideally be placed for accurate readings.
74
How does the anatomy of veins affect blood pressure measurements taken at the upper arm?
The height of the column of blood due to vein structure affects the pressure measurement ## Footnote This results in an overestimation of blood pressure at the heart.
75
What is the expected venous pressure in the upper arm due to gravitational effects?
Between 6 and 8 mmHg ## Footnote This pressure is influenced by the weight of the blood column.
76
In what position is blood pressure measurement at the arm likely more accurate?
Supine position ## Footnote In this position, there is no significant gravitational effect on the pressure.
77
What role do one-way valves in veins play in preventing backflow?
They prevent backflow and support blood flow towards the heart ## Footnote These valves are crucial in maintaining venous return against gravity.
78
What happens to the function of venous valves as a person ages?
Valves may not fit together properly due to vein stretching ## Footnote This can lead to conditions like varicose veins.
79
What is a common consequence of prolonged standing due to venous valve dysfunction?
Varicose veins ## Footnote This results from increased pressure in the lower extremities over time.
80
What is the approximate pressure in the foot veins when standing without functional valves?
About 95 mmHg ## Footnote This pressure includes both the gravitational effect and the internal pressure of the blood.
81
How does arterial pressure change in the upright position compared to the supine position?
Arterial pressure increases due to the combined effect of heart output and gravity ## Footnote There are no one-way valves in arteries to counteract this effect.
82
What is the expected pressure at the bottom of a beaker filled with blood that is 1.5 meters tall?
About 90 mmHg ## Footnote This pressure reflects the effect of gravity on the blood column.
83
What physiological mechanism helps prevent blood pooling in the legs during standing?
Muscle contraction in the legs ## Footnote This action aids in pushing blood back towards the heart.
84
Fill in the blank: If a person stands completely still for too long, blood will pool in the _______.
legs
85
What happens to cardiac output if blood does not return to the heart due to pooling?
Cardiac output decreases ## Footnote This can lead to fainting or syncope if the person stands still for extended periods.
86
True or False: The pressure in the veins of the foot is higher when standing than when supine.
True
87
What happens to a paralyzed patient when positioned at different angles?
They may pass out quickly due to blood pooling in the legs. ## Footnote This scenario is relevant in surgical settings where patients may be immobilized.
88
What is vascular compliance?
The change in blood volume divided by the change in blood pressure. ## Footnote High compliance means a large volume generates small pressure changes.
89
What is the formula for vascular compliance?
Delta V / Delta P. ## Footnote Delta V is the change in volume, and Delta P is the change in pressure.
90
What is distensibility?
The ability of a container to expand based on its original volume. ## Footnote High distensibility occurs when a small container can expand significantly.
91
What is the relationship between resistance and blood flow?
Resistance describes how difficult it is to move blood through vessels; higher resistance means lower blood flow. ## Footnote Blood flow is inversely related to resistance.
92
What is the relationship between conductance and resistance?
Conductance is the inverse of resistance; high conductance means low resistance. ## Footnote Conductance can be calculated as 1/R.
93
How do blood vessels control blood flow?
By adjusting their vascular resistance through relaxation or constriction. ## Footnote Changes in the diameter of blood vessels significantly affect flow.
94
What is the effect of a small change in diameter on resistance?
It results in a huge change in resistance and blood flow. ## Footnote This is due to the fourth power relationship of diameter to resistance.
95
What does Ohm's Law represent in the cardiovascular system?
V = IR, where V is blood pressure, I is blood flow, and R is vascular resistance. ## Footnote The law helps in understanding pressure, flow, and resistance relationships.
96
What is the formula to calculate vascular resistance?
Vascular resistance = Delta P / Blood flow. ## Footnote Delta P is the difference in pressure across the system.
97
What volumes of blood are typically found in the systemic arterial and venous systems?
Approximately 700 mL in systemic arteries and 2500 mL in systemic veins. ## Footnote These volumes illustrate the differences in pressure and compliance between the two systems.
98
How does pressure change in the arterial system with added volume?
Pressure increases significantly with a small addition of volume. ## Footnote This indicates low compliance in the arterial system.
99
How does pressure change in the venous system with added volume?
Pressure hardly changes even with a large addition of volume. ## Footnote This indicates high compliance in the venous system.
100
What is the significance of the slope in a volume versus pressure graph?
The slope indicates the compliance of the system; a steep slope suggests low compliance. ## Footnote The arterial system has a steep slope, while the venous system has a shallow slope.
101
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on vascular tone?
It can increase vascular resistance and affect blood flow. ## Footnote Sympathetic inhibition would decrease vascular tone.
102
What happens to blood pressure when all sympathetic tone is removed and blood volume remains the same?
Blood pressure crashes. ## Footnote This is because the arterial walls lack the necessary squeeze to maintain pressure.
103
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on blood pressure with a constant blood volume?
Blood pressure increases significantly. ## Footnote In extreme cases, the pressure can be so high it does not fit on standard charts.
104
What is the typical blood pressure with 700 cc's of blood in the arteries under normal conditions?
About 100 mmHg.
105
What happens to venous pressure when sympathetic stimulation is removed?
Venous pressure drops significantly, potentially to zero.
106
What is the effect of constricting systemic veins on central venous pressure?
Central venous pressure can increase to about 18 or 20 mmHg.
107
What is normal cardiac output under typical conditions?
About 5 liters per minute.
108
How does increasing central venous pressure (CVP) affect right atrial pressure?
Increasing CVP typically causes an increase in right atrial pressure.
109
How is cardiac output related to venous return?
Venous return must equal cardiac output.
110
True or False: Cardiac output is solely determined by the health of the heart.
False. ## Footnote Cardiac output is also influenced by the circulatory system's ability to return blood to the heart.
111
What role does blood volume play in maintaining blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation is absent?
Adding volume can help correct low blood pressure.
112
What is the relationship between the heart's pumping capacity and the volume of blood returned to it?
The heart can only pump out what is returned to it.
113
Fill in the blank: If blood is pooling in the legs due to a blockage, it can cause _______.
massive problems with blood pressure.
114
What does the curve illustrating venous return properties connect to?
Cardiac output and pressures in the circulatory system.
115
What happens to cardiac output if right atrial pressure is increased?
Cardiac output increases significantly.
116
What is a key factor that can influence both cardiac output and blood pressure?
The volume status of the body.
117
True or False: The arteries are more compliant than the veins.
False. ## Footnote Arteries are typically less compliant than veins.

Spring 2025 (117 decks)

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