Block 1 Flashcards
(113 cards)
0
Q
Schleiden and Schwann
A
cell theory: all living things are made of cells and cell products
1
Q
Hooke
A
cells remnants in cork
2
Q
Virchow
A
cell pathology as the basis of disease
3
Q
Dutrochet
A
staining samples for light microscope
4
Q
sectioning
4 steps
A
fix (remove water)
embed in rigid agent (LM paraffin, EM plastic) and slice
get embedding out
mount
5
Q
condenser
A
focuses light on specimen.
6
Q
objective and eye piece
A
focus light on eye
7
Q
bright field
A
best with stains, bad resolution, no living samples
8
Q
phase contrast
A
no staining, but no thick objects
9
Q
dark field
A
see borders of tiny structures, low light means hard to see
10
Q
fluorescence
A
mark with antibodies. can tag specific structures, before and afters. Expensive, must excite specific wavelength
11
Q
EM
A
cellular details, very expensive. focuses ray of electrons
12
Q
resolution
A
r=.61(lambda)/n sin theta
higher index of refraction=lower r= higher resolution
13
Q
glycosylation
A
nonvertebrates keep mannose tree. verts trim and add terminal sialic acid.
14
Q
ganglioside
A
lipid + sugar
15
Q
Eukaryote Transcription
in 3 steps
A
- TFs bind at TATA, recruit RNA poly II.
- RNA poly II is phosphorylated, TFs fall off, transcription begins
- New RNA formed 5-3 w/energy from XTP
16
Q
Post-transcription Processing
A
5’ cap (modified G), 3’ AAA tail
Introns spliced out (exons expressed) in loops by spliceosomes
17
Q
Chromatin activity
A
hetero is inactive, encased by methylated histones
eu is active (acetylation=active)
18
Q
Methylation at CpG islands
A
turns off gene RNA processing
19
Q
3 transcription regulations
A
- activators (can be way upstream)
- metabolic product + or - feedback
- RNAi: 3’UTR bound by microDNA is destroyed
20
Q
start codon
A
AUG
21
Q
AAs associated with shape
A
glycine: small R good for turns
cystine: makes disulfide bonds (**not in reducing cytoplasm)
proline: makes kinks (ring interrupts H bonds)
22
Q
membrane protein shape in cell and mito membranes
A
cell: alpha helices
mito: beta sheets
23
Q
rossman folds
A
6 parallel beta strands & 2 pair alpha helices bind nucleotides (NAD)
24
4-alpha helices
signalling molecules
25
scramblase v. flippase.
scramblase keeps both sides even
| flippase moves particular proteins
26
Clathrin
plasma membrane to early endosomes
trans golgi to late endo or lysosome
binds via adaptin, pinches via dynamin
dissociates after vesicle is free.
also mediates pinocytosis
27
COPI
golgi to ER
28
COPII
ER to cis-golgi and within golgi
29
ARF
regulates COPI and clathrin
30
SAR1
regulates COPII
31
V-snares and Rab
Rab binds target for fusion, pulls close enough for V to get T and fuse vesicle to target.
32
Secretory Exocytotic Pathways
need signal. constituitive do not.
33
nernst equation
E=61.5log[ion]out/[ion]in
34
Flux
Flux = permeability * area * driving force
35
Ohmic Conductance
linear relationship between Vmax and current
36
rectifying conductance
nonlinear relation between vmx and current, because channels speed up at different potentials
37
saturating ion channels
like catalysts, ion channels are saturable and have a vmax when fully loaded
38
G-protein coupled receptors
activated by fresh GTP, breaks down into subunits. alpha makes cAMP second messenger from ATP, cAMP activated kinase pathway to alter gene downstream.
39
Kinase Receptors
Dimerize, phosphorylate, signaling casscade
40
RAS pathway
Dimer --> Ras --> MAP kinase pathway (MKKK-MKK-MK)
| leads to cell survival and proliferation, constituitively on in some cancers
41
JAK-STAT
JAK attach to dimers (tk) which phos eachother then STAT proteins which dimerize and go to the nucleus
42
serine-threonine dimers
like JAK-STAT, but with SMAD (share a receptor)
43
First Nuclear Localization Signal
PKKKRKV
44
Lysosome mailing address
mannose-6-phosphate
45
ApoB48
protein on chylomicrons and remnants.
46
ApoB100
protein on VLDL and LDL
47
ApoA1
Protein on HDL
48
amylase
begin sugar digestion in mouth and duodenum
49
SGLT1
Na/gluc/gal cotransport, mucosal side of endothelium
50
GLUT5
fructose transport, serosal side
51
GLUT2
gal/glu/fru transport
52
glycogenin
primer molecule that UDP glucs link to to form glycogen
53
transferase
branches glycogen. block of 7 is moved if chain is 11 long. branches at least 4 apart.
54
gluconeogenesis
lactate, AAs and glycogen converted to glucose for brain and RBCs. Glucagon simulates, insulin inhibits.
55
phosphodiester linkages
5' OH group of one pentose and 3' of other (DNA/RNA)
56
Allopurinol
gout drug, blocks uric acid by competitive inhibition of xanthine oxidase (looks like hypoxanthine)
57
Rasburicase
analog of urate oxidase, coverts uric acid to allantoin (soluble, excretable)
58
Complex II
Mito protein complex that has only nuclear proteins.
59
Number of proteins mito genes code
13
60
MFs
cell contraction, sarcomeres, actin, ATP Mg as cofactor.
61
Profilin, Thymosin
Keep g-actin in solution (MFs) prevent spontaneous dimerization
62
Myosin
MF motor molecule. Moves toward + end
63
MTs
cilia, flagella. tubulin heterodimer, 13 protofilaments .
64
TIP proteins (EB1)
found at the end of growing MTs. bind Rho GTPase capture complexes to anchor MT
65
Dynein and Kinesin
MT motor molecules. Kinesin (+) kicks cargo out (ER collapse w/out), DYnein (-) drags deliveries in (Golgi collapse w/out)
D1=drags, D2=cilia. Dynactin activated.
66
Axoneme
in flagella and cilia, 9 doublets with dynein arms connects by nexin w/ 2 central MTs (9+2)
67
IFs
Junctions, lamina, structure. Keratins in epithelia, Vimentin in connective tissue and muscle(desmin), glia (GFAP), neurofilaments in neurons, lamins in nucleus.
Get stronger with deforming force
68
Plakins
crossbridge IFs to MTs and actin.
69
All cytoskeleton bonds are
Noncovalent. XTPs are cofactors, not for energy (hydrolysis)
70
Taxol, Vincristine, Vinblastine
MT inhibitors (cancer treatment)
71
Lis1
a protein that associates with dynein recruitment to the nucleus and is mutated in lissencephaly. Doubles motor capacity of single dynein molecule.
72
Most GAGs
sulfated, carboxylated, covalently bound to core protein. assembled in golgi.
73
Hyaluronan
the weird GAG. Just carboxylated, not covalently bound to core protein, gigantic, assemble at cell surface.
74
Proteoglycans
Core protein + GAG. Protein synthed in rougb ER, bound to GAG via tetrasacharride link in golgi. function as filters and regulate signal molecules.
75
Decorin
short core protein + 1 GAG
76
Aggrecan
Long core protein + thousands of GAGs
multimolecular aggregates: Aggrecan + Hyaluronan
77
Actin filament junctions
cell-cell: adherens junctions
cell-matrix: focal adhesions.
78
IF junctions
cell-cell: desmosomes
| cell-matrix: hemidesmosomes
79
Three layers of Basal Lamina
Laminin: cross shape, top arm binds integrin, long binds nido/perl
Nidogen & perlecan: links Lam to collagen. Perle is GAG
Type IV collagen: matrix, high tensile strength
80
integrins
bind extracellular ligands, Arg-Gly-Arg.
Anchored to actin filaments via talin.
Two way signalling.
endothelial integrins bind ICAMs and VCAMs on leukocyte.
81
3 tight junction proteins
Claudin: small transmembrane p, selectivity
Occludin: Large, copolymerizes with Claudin to form a seal
ZO proteins: cytoplasmic, link occludin to actin cytoskeleton.
82
Cadherins
mediate cell-cell interactions. swap domains with each other.
83
Adhesion junction cadherins
E- or N-cadherin (epithelial or neuronal)
| Actin fiber associated, connects to cytoskeleton by alpha and beta cadherins and vinvulin
84
Desmosome caherins
Desmoglein and desmocollin, associated with IFs, connects to skeleton with plaque proteins.
autoantibodies can cause pemphigus vulgaris.
85
beta catenin
in adhesion junctions, but also can bind w/cofactor LEF to turn on genes in development.
86
APC
protein that downgrades beta-catenin when it is working as a TF. Defects can cause colon cancer.
87
number of proteins can make from AAs
20^n
88
-35 TTGACA
prokaryote promoter site.
89
RANGTP
cause nuclear importers to release cargo, exporters to pick up
90
Positive in Nerst
means expelled from cells.
91
rate of diffussion
1/sqrt(mass)
92
substrate reduction therapy for LSD
not diet. Medication.
93
actyl-CoA carboxylase
makes malonyl CoA, first step in FA synthesis
94
cholesterol scavenger receptors cause
abnormal microphage growth, increase risk of embolism.
95
alpha-keto buildup
MSUD
96
orotic acid level high
OTC deficiency (usually high blood ammonia)
97
two mito diseases caused by nuclear DNA
Charcot-Marie-Tooth and Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy
98
rho GTPases
regulated MT and MF
99
lamellipodia
little feet formed by actin via ARP2/3. Not motor molecules.
100
compressive strength of cells
comes from GAGs, not basal lamina
101
Worse CF mutation
deltaF508
102
better CF mutation
R334W
103
AD diseases
```
hereditary spherocytosis
epidermolysis bullosa
familial cholesterolemia
charcot-marie- tooth
autosomal dominant optical atrophy
```
104
XLR
Wiskcott-Aldrich
MPSII Hunter
Lesch-Nylan
*Severe Combined Immune Deficiency
105
Maternal Inheritance
| heteroplasmy matters
Kearn-Sayre,
neuropathy ataxia retina pigmentosa
maternally inherited Leigh Syndrome
106
carnitine transports
acyl coA into mitochondria
107
Hydrophobic AAs
FIL MY VW
phenylalanine isoleucine leucine
methionine tyrosine
valine tryptophan
108
Polar AAs
HK RED
histidine lysine
argenine glutamate asparate
109
normal AAs
PG CATS
proline glycine
cysteine alanine threonine serine
110
amide AAs
GN
glutamine asparagine
111
Krebs
CAIKSSFMO
```
citric acid
isoancoitase
isocitrate
alpha keto glutartate
succinyl CoA
succinate
fumarate
malate
oxaloacetate
```
112
broken step in Urea Cycle
orthine to citruline
OTC=orthine transcarbolase deficiency
