Block 1 Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
Trapezius attachments
A
Origin: external occipital protuberance and superior unchallenged line, spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: spine and Acromion of scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle
2
Q
Trapezius innervation
A
Accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)
3
Q
Trapezius action
A
Elevates, depresses, retracts scapula. Stabilize the shoulder in upper limb movements (shrugs)
4
Q
Trapezius blood supply
A
Transverse cervical artery
5
Q
Latissimus dorsi attachments
A
Origin: spinous processes of T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, scapula, 9th-12th ribs, iliac crest
Insertion: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
6
Q
Latissimus dorsi innervation
A
Thoracodorsal nerve
7
Q
Latissimus dorsi action
A
Adducts the upper limb (humerus) extension, medial rotation, adduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
8
Q
Latissimus dorsi blood supply
A
Thoracodorsal artery
9
Q
Levator scapulae attachments
A
Origin: transverse processes C1-C4
Insertion: superior angle of scapula
10
Q
Levator scapulae innervation
A
Dorsal scapular nerve
11
Q
Levator scapulae action
A
Elevates scapula, rotates scapula with rhomboideus muscle to point glenoid cavity inferiorly
12
Q
Levator scapulae blood supply
A
Dorsal scapular artery (deep branch of transverse cervical artery)
13
Q
Aponeurosis
A
Thin tendon, latissimus dorsi has large one
14
Q
Rhomboideus major attachments
A
Origin: spinous processes T1-T4
Insertion: medial border of scapula
15
Q
Rhomboideus major action
A
Elevates and retracts scapula, stabilizes and braces the shoulder, rotates the scapula to point the glenoid cavity inferiorly
16
Q
Rhomboideus major innervation
A
Dorsal scapular nerve
17
Q
Rhomboideus major blood supply
A
Dorsal scapular artery (deep branch of transverse cervical artery)
18
Q
Rhomboideus minor attachments
A
Origin: spinous processes C6-C7
Insertion: medial border of scapula
19
Q
Rhomboideus minor action
A
Elevates and retracts scapula, stabilizes and braces the shoulder, rotates the scapula to point the glenoid cavity inferiorly
20
Q
Rhomboideus minor innervation
A
Dorsal scapular nerve
21
Q
Rhomboideus minor blood supply
A
Dorsal scapular artery (deep branch of transverse cervical artery)
22
Q
Serratus posterior superior attachments
A
Origin: spinous processes of C7-T3
Insertion: superior border of the 2-4 ribs
23
Q
Serratus posterior superior innervation
A
Segmental, intercostal nerves (from ventral primary rami of spinal nerves)
24
Q
Serratus posterior superior action
A
Elevates ribs 2-5 (feeble)
25
Serratus posterior superior blood supply
Segmental, posterior intervertebral artery
26
Serratus posterior inferior attachments
Origin: superior border of 2-4 ribs
Insertion: inferior border of lower 3 ribs (8-12)
27
Serratus posterior inferior innervation
Segmental, intercostal nerves (from ventral primary rami of spinal nerves)
28
Serratus posterior inferior action
Depress ribs
29
Serratus posterior inferior blood supply
Segmental, posterior intervertebral arteries
30
Dorsal scapular nerve innervates
Levator scapulae and rhomboideus major and minor
31
Dorsal scapular artery supplies
Levator scapulae and rhomboideus major and minor
32
Thoracodorsal nerve innervates
Latissiumus dorsi
33
Thoracodorsal artery supplies
Latissimus dorsi
34
Accessory nerve (CN XI) innervates
Trapezius
35
Transverse cervical artery supplies
Trapezius
36
Muscles that elevate the shoulder
Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboideus major and minor
37
Muscles that retract the scapula
Trapezius, rhomboideus major and minor
38
Major adductor of upper limb (humerus)
Latissimus dorsi
39
Muscles that rotate the scapula to point glenoid inferiorly
Levator scapulae, rhomboideus major and minor
40
Layers of skin: superficial to deep
Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia, deep fascia
41
Which layer of skin contains superficial vessels and nerves?
Superficial fascia
42
"Saran wrap" covering of muscles
Deep fascia
43
Diarthroidal joints also known as?
Synovial joints
44
Components of synovial joint
bone, hyaline cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, fibrous joint capsule
45
Adduction
towards midline
46
Abduction
away from midline
47
ipsilateral
same side
48
contralateral
opposite side
49
Coronal plane divides?
anterior/posterior
ventral/dorsal
50
Sagittal plane divides?
left/right
medial/lateral
51
Transverse plane divides?
cranial/caudal
52
Collection of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS?
nucleus
53
Collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS?
ganglion
54
Somatic nervous system vs. autonomic nervous system
voluntary vs. involuntary
55
GSE
general somatic efferent
56
GSA
general somatic afferent
57
How many cranial nerves?
12
58
Gray matter of spinal cord
contains nerve cell bodies, responsible for receiving and regulate outgoing information
59
Cell bodies for somatic efferent pathways are located where?
anterior horn of spinal cord
60
Afferent pathways synapse where?
posterior horn of spinal cord
61
Spinal nerves formed how?
joining of dorsal root and ventral root
62
Spinal nerve splits into what?
anterior (ventral) ramus
posterior (dorsal) ramus
63
Cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia are?
pseudounipolar
64
Dermatomes
Unilateral area of skin and muscle innervated by single spinal nerve
65
Bony landmarks of back
occipital protuberance
scapula
- spine
- superior/inferior angles
- medial border
- acromion
vertebra prominens (C7)
iliac crest
66
extrinsic vs. intrinsic muscles
extrinsic comes from outside (e.g. spine to upper limb)
intrinsic comes from inside (eg. spine to spine or upper limb to upper limb)
67
Nerves, arteries, and veins typically found where in relation to muscle?
Deep
68
How many vertebrae?
30 (7, 12, 5, 5, 1)
69
Kyphosis
anterior concave curvature
70
Lordosis
anterior convex curvature
71
Which parts of the vertebrae are primary curvatures?
Thoracic and Sacral
72
Primary curvature?
present at birth
73
Secondary curvature?
present after birth
74
Which parts of vertebrae are secondary curvature?
Cervical and Lumbar
75
Which vertebrae have a wide, triangular vertebral foramen?
cervical
76
Which vertebra has no body or spinous process?
C1 (atlas)
77
Where are transverse foramen found and what do they house?
cervical vertebrae only, house the vertebral artery
78
Function of atlas?
up and down motion of neck/head
79
Function of axis?
side to side motion of neck/head
80
Ligament attachment site on C2?
Dens
81
Function of transverse ligament of atlas?
prevent anterior dislocation of C1 over C2
82
Which vertebrae have a heart shaped body?
Thoracic
83
Which vertebrae have a long spinous process that aligns with the inferior vertebra body?
Thoracic
84
Which vertebrae have a kidney shaped body and triangular vertebral foramen?
Lumbar
85
Alignment of superior and inferior thoracic facets?
Superior: face posteriorly, angled anteriorly
Inferior: face anteriorly, angled posteriorly
86
Which vertebrae have a kidney shaped body?
Lumbar
87
Which structure is unique to lumbar vertebrae?
mammillary process
88
Alignment of superior and inferior lumbar facets?
Superior: point medially
Inferior: point laterally
89
How many foramen are in sacrum?
8 anterior and 8 posterior
90
Superior aspect of sacrum that articulates with lumbar vertebrae?
sacral promontory
91
Where do the terminal nerves pass through?
sacral hiatus
92
"Wings" of the sacrum called?
Ala
93
Ligaments of spine anterior to posterior?
anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flava
interspinous ligament
supraspinous ligament
94
Which ligaments surround the vertebral bodies anteriorly?
anterior longitudinal ligament
95
Which ligaments surround the vertebral bodies posteriorly?
posterior longitudinal ligament
96
Ligaments between vertebral lamina?
ligamentum flavum
97
Center of an intervertebral disc?
nucleus pulposus - made of 88% water and cartilaginous shock absorber
98
What prevents the nucleus pulposus from herniating into the vertebral foramen and spinal cord?
posterior longitudinal ligament
99
Cervical continuation of the supraspinous ligament?
Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae)
100
Attachment site for splenius capitis and trapezius muscles?
Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae)
101
Large valveless blood vessel network
vertebral venous plexus
102
Where is vertebral venous plexus located?
spans the entire vertebral column
103
A distribution of innervation of a structure spanning multiple spinal levels is?
segmental innervation
104
Splenius capitis fixation
Origin: ligamentum nuche, spinous processes of C7-T3
Insertion: mastoid process of temporal and occipital bone
105
Splenius capitis innervation
dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
106
Splenius capitis action
extend, rotate, and laterally flex head
107
Splenius cervicis fixation
Origin: spinous processes of T3-T6
Insertion: transverse processes of C1-C2
108
Splenius cervicis innervation
dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
109
Splenius cervicis action
extends and rotates cervical spine
110
Action of splenius muscles together?
extend the head and neck
111
Action of splenius muscles individually?
laterally flex and rotate head to the same side
112
Erector spinae muscles
Spinalis (medial)
Longissimus
Ileocostalis (lateral)
113
Erector spinae innervation
segmental by dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
114
Erector spinae actions
Unilaterally: flex the spinal column
Bilaterally: extend head and vertebral column
115
Erector spinae attachments
Origin: commonly sacrum, iliac crest, and sacroiliac ligament
Insertion:
- spinalis - spinous processes
- longissimus - transverse processes and ribs
- ileocostalis - angles of ribs and transverse processes
116
Where does spinal cord end?
L1-L2
117
How many spinal nerves?
31, 8 cervical
118
Terminal end of spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
119
Fibrous band connecting conus medullaris to sacrum
Filum Terminale
120
Nerve root at inferior spinal cord?
Cauda equina
121
Filum terminale is an extension of what?
Pia mater
122
Meninges order superficial to deep
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
123
Where can CSF be found?
Subarachnoid space
124
Spinal cord anchor
Denticulate ligament
125
Space surrounding spinal cord, superficial to deep
Epidural space
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
126
Frequent site of pain in cervical vertebrae
Uncovertebral joints of C3-C7
127
Part of intervertebral disc not the center
Anulus fibrosus
128
What is the only bony connection between the upper limb and body?
sternoclavicular joint
129
What is the brachium?
upper arm
130
What is the antebrachium?
Forearm
131
What is the most common cause of clavicular fractures?
FOOSH injuries or blow to the shoulder
132
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
synovial
133
What is between the mammary gland and deep fascia that allows gland to slide over the muscle?
Retromammary space
134
Location of suspensory ligaments?
in the breast
135
Where is breast milk stored?
Lactiferous sinuses
136
What vessels supply the breast (also mirrored veins)?
internal thoracic artery, lateral thoracic artery, and intercostal arteries
137
What innervates the breast?
intercostal nerves 2-6
138
Where does majority of lymph from breast drain? Other portion?
Axillary tail to axillary node, the other portion goes to the other breast --> very important for cancer metastases
139
What nerves innervate pectoralis major?
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
140
What vessels supply pectorals major?
thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery
141
With damage to the lateral pectoral nerve, what signs will a patient experience?
Weak adduction, rotation, and flexion of arm
142
What innervates pectorals minor?
medial pectoral nerve
143
What vessels supply pectoralis minor?
Thoracoacromial artery
144
What signs will a patient experience if the medial pectoral nerve is damaged?
Weak protraction and rotation of scapula, rib elevation
145
What is an adverse effect of metabolic steroids?
tendon damage
146
What structures form the border of the axilla?
Pectoralis major and minor (anterior)
Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus doors (posterior)
serratus anterior (medial)
147
Anterior compartment arteries from proximal to distal?
Subclavian
Axillary
Brachial
Radial (lateral) / Ulnar (medial)
Superficial and Deep Palmar Arches
148
Posterior compartment arteries from proximal to distal?
Subclavian (scapula)
Axillary (scapula)
Profunda brachii
Posterior interosseous
Anterior interesses
149
Alternate mode of circulation around a joint is called?
Collateral circulation
150
What is the term used when blood vessels join?
Anastomosis
151
What artery runs along the medial border of the scapula?
dorsal scapular artery
152
What muscles do the dorsal scapular artery supply?
Levator scapulae and rhomboideus muscles
153
What are the branches of the axillary artery?
Superior thoracic artery
Branches from Thoracoacromial artery
- pectoral
- acromial
- deltoid
- subclavicular
Lateral thoracic artery
Subscapular artery
- Circumflex scapular
- Thoracodorsal
Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
154
Around what landmark do the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries run?
Surgical neck of the humerus
155
What vessel supplies the serratus anterior?
Lateral thoracic artery
156
What innervates the serrates anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
157
What vessel supplies the subscapularis?
Subscapular artery
158
What innervates the subscapularis?
upper and lower subscapular nerves
159
What vessel supplies the supraspinatus?
Suprascapular artery
160
What vessel supplies the supraspinatus?
Suprascapular artery
161
What vessel supplies the infraspinatus?
Suprascapular artery
162
What innervates the infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve
163
What vessel supplies the teres minor?
Posterior circumflex humeral artery and scapular circumflex artery
164
What vessel supplies the teres major?
Subscapular artery
Scapular circumflex artery
165
What innervates teres minor?
Axillary nerve
166
What innervates teres major?
Lower subscapular nerve
167
What vessel supplies deltoideus?
Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral artery
168
What innervates the deltoideus?
Axillary nerve
169
Term for when veins and arteries are pair together?
venae comitantes
170
Which set of veins run deep in the arm?
Subclavian
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
171
Superficial arm veins?
Basilic (medial)
Cephalic (lateral)
Median cubital (between the two near elbow)
172
What vein is most common site of venipuncture?
Median cubital vein
173
What layer of skin do the superficial veins run above?
Deep investing fascia, they can be seen in the skin
174
Areas innervated by a single spinal nerve are called?
Dermatomes (skin) or myotomes (muscle)
175
What types of nerves occupy the dorsal root?
Somatic afferent
176
What types of nerves occupy the ventral root?
Somatic efferent
177
What types of nerves occupy the dorsal rami?
Somatic efferent and afferent
178
What types of nerves occupy the ventral rami?
somatic efferent and afferent
179
Which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus
C5-C8, T1
180
Which terminal nerves of the brachial plexus innervate the anterior part of the limb?
Median
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar
181
Which terminal nerves of the brachial plexus innervate the posterior part of the limb?
Axillary
Radial
182
How is a plexus formed? What is the purpose?
Fusing, bifurcation, and rejoining of spinal nerves in a region.
The purpose is for redundancy and continued function even through potential injury.
183
What artery Is associated with the brachial plexus cords?
Axillary
184
How many cords are in the brachial plexus and what are they named?
3 - medial, lateral, and posterior
185
The muscuolocutaneous nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?
C5-C7
186
The radial nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?
C5-C8, T1
187
The median nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?
C6-C8, T1
188
The ulnar nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?
C8, T1
189
The axillary nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?
C5, C6
190
Real
Teachers
Drink
Cold
Beer
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
191
The brachial plexus roots emerge between which two muscles?
Anterior and middle scalene muscles
192
What are the name of the brachial plexus trunks and which spinal nerves do they contain?
Superior (C5, C6)
Medial (C7)
Inferior (C8, T1)
193
Where do the brachial plexus roots lie in relation to other structures?
Superior to clavicle
194
What are the names of the brachial plexus divisions?
Anterior
Posterior
195
Where are the brachial plexus divisions located in relation to other structures?
Posterior to the clavicle
196
Which terminal nerves arise from the medial cord?
Ulnar nerve
part of Median nerve
197
Which terminal nerves arise from the lateral cord?
Musculocutaneous nerve
part of Median nerve
198
Which terminal nerves arise from the posterior cord?
Radial nerve
Axillary nerve
199
What spinal nerve composes the dorsal scapular nerve and what does it innervate?
C5
Levator scapulae and rhomboideus minor and major
200
What spinal nerve composes the long thoracic nerve and what does it innervate?
C5, C6, C7
Serratus anterior
201
What branches arise from the superior trunk?
Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
Nerve to the subclavius (C5, C6)
202
Medial cord branches?
Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
203
Lateral cord branches?
Lateral pectoral nerve (C5, C6, C7)
Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (sensation)
Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (sensation)
204
Posterior cord branches?
Upper subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
Thoracodorsal nerve (C5, C6, C7)
Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
