Block 1

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

The study of the interactions of drugs with living systems

Question 2

Clinical Pharmacology

Answer 2

The application of pharmacology principles to patients

Question 3

Pharmacy

Answer 3

The science of practice of the preparation and dispensing of medicinal drugs

Question 4

Toxicology

Answer 4

The study of poisons and their treatments

Question 5

Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology

Answer 5

Clinical pharmacology as applied to veterinary (animal) species. A component of therapeutics (pharmacotherapeutics).

Question 6

Evidence-based Medicine

Answer 6

Pharmacological principles based on valid, relevant research, and clinical data

Question 7

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 7

ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion).
“What the animal does to the drug.”
Describes the disposition or movement of drugs within the body.

Question 8

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 8

“What the drug does to the animal.”
Describes the mechanism of action

Question 9

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act 1994 (AMDUCA)

Answer 9

Allows veterinarians to prescribe drugs for extra-label use.
Applies to all animal species (not only food-producing animals).

Question 10

Extra-label drug use is NOT permitted if _____

Answer 10

It results in an illegal food residue, or any residue which may present a risk to public health

Question 11

The Food Animal Residues Avoidance Databank (FARAD)

Answer 11

Computer system that provides information including withdrawal times of all drugs

Question 12

Prescription drugs are regulated by ______

Answer 12

FDA

Question 13

Controlled drugs are regulated by _____

Answer 13

DEA

Question 14

Dose

Answer 14

Amount of drug given to achieve a certain effect

Question 15

Dosage

Answer 15

Amount of drug per unit body weight (multiply unit of drug by body weight of patient).
Typically milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).
Most dosages will have a range.

Question 16

Concentration

Answer 16

Amount of drug per unit of volume from the stock supply of medication (ie dosage form or formulation)

Question 17

FDA oversees ____

Answer 17

drug approval and safety

Question 18

DEA monitors use of products with ____

Answer 18

high abuse potential (ie controlled drugs)

Question 19

National Drug Code (NDC)

Answer 19

10 digit number assigned by the DEA.
Required on all non-prescription (OTC) and prescription medication packages and inserts in the USA.
A drug with an NDC number means it has gone through the approval process so it can be sold and used.

Question 20

New Animal Drug Application (NADA) Number

Answer 20

All FDA approved drugs have their own NADA number. The FDA assigns the NADA number following drug approval.

Question 21

Prescription

Answer 21

An order to a pharmacist written by a license medical practitioner to prepare the prescribed medication, affix directions, and sell to client.
It is a legally recognized document and the writer is held responsible for its accuracy. Written in blue or black ink.

Question 22

Prescription for Schedule II drugs

Answer 22

Must be written, NO refills, can only be for a 30 day supply

Question 23

Prescription for Schedule II, IV, V drugs

Answer 23

Varies state by state. Generally has to be faxed and cannot be given verbally in most states.
Can have up to 5 refills, within 6 months from when the prescription of written.
Most states allow prescriptions for controlled substances to be filled within 30 days from date of issue.

Question 24

Compounded Medication

Answer 24

Any drug that has been created by combining or altering ingredients (ie: addition of flavoring, product reformulation (ie liquid to paste), combing of ingredients to create a commercially unavailable product).
Prepared by licensed veterinarian of pharmacist for a specific patient and can NOT be mass produced or manufactured.

Question 25

FDA approved drugs may not be compounded unless there is ______

Answer 25

a documented shortage

Question 26

FDA veterinary compounding regulations (4)

Answer 26

1) Valid VCPR 2) There is no commercially available animal or human product in the correct dosage form or concentration (nothing else makes sense) 3) Product is safe and effective 4) Prepared according to federal and state guidelines

Question 27

Compounding Violations (3)

Answer 27

1) Compounding products that are copies of commercially available products 2) Compounding outside of a valid VCPR (ie selling drug at different price or compounding in bulk) 3) Compounding from unapproved or bulk drug substances

Question 28

T/F: The Drug Enforcement Agency regulates controlled drugs

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The National Drug Code is required on prescription medications. What agency assigns this 10-digit number?

Answer 29

DEA

Question 30

NADA number is assigned by____

Answer 30

FDA

Question 31

T/F: Class IV controlled drug has a higher abuse potential than a Class II controlled drug

Answer 31

False

Question 32

What are the two general routes of drug administration

Answer 32

Local and Systemic

Question 33

Two categories of Systemic Drug administration

Answer 33

Enteral: into GI tract Parenteral: extra-GI routes

Question 34

Enteral Route for Systemic Drugs Advantages (4)

Answer 34

1) Convenient (can give at home) 2) Infection at site not a concern 3) potential to decontaminate if needed 4) Feeding tubes useful if non-compliant patient or multiple medications

Question 35

Enteral Route for Systemic Drugs Disadvantages (8)

Answer 35

1) Slower onset of action 2) Food or other drugs may affect absorption 3) Inactivation by gastric pH, digestive enzymes, or rumen microflora 4) GI tract activity and integrity 5) Irritant drugs may cause GI upset 6) Palatability 7) Patient compliance 8) Owner compliance

Question 36

2 methods of Systemic drug administration for Parenteral routes

Answer 36

Injection and Inhalation

Question 37

Intravenous (IV) Route Advantages (3)

Answer 37

1) Rapid onset 2) Less irritating than injection into tissues 3) Larger volumes can be given over time (CRI = constant rate infusion)

Question 38

Intravenous (IV) Route Disadvantages (2)

Answer 38

1) Risk of complications 2) Some drugs can irritate veins (PHLEBITIS)

Question 39

Intramuscular (IM) Route Disadvantages (3)

Answer 39

1) May be painful 2) Risk of tissue damage 3) Infection/abscess at administration site

Question 40

Intramuscular (IM) Route Advantages (3)

Answer 40

1) Rapidly absorbed 2) Longer duration of action than IV route 3) Some suspensions can be given IM

Question 41

Subcutaneous (SQ) Route Advantages (3)

Answer 41

1) Slow but constant absorption 2) Longer duration of action 3) Can give at home in some cases (ie insulin)

Question 42

Subcutaneous (SQ) Route Disadvantages (3)

Answer 42

1) Slow onset 2) Irritating drugs cannot be used 3) Infection/abscess at administration site

Question 43

Intraosseous (IO) Route Disadvantages (5)

Answer 43

1) Short-term use only 2) Some drugs cannot be given IO 3) Special equipment required 4) Painful 5) Risk of fracture

Question 44

Intraosseous (IO) Route Advantages (5)

Answer 44

1) Fluids flow as well as IV route 2) Rapid access for emergencies 3) CPR drugs can be give IO 4) Technically uncomplicated 5) Useful in neonates and tiny patients

Question 45

Inhalation Route Advantages (3)

Answer 45

1) Rapid onset (fastest behind IV and IO for systemic uptake) 2) Able to deliver gas inhalant anesthesia 3) Elimination by expiration (exhalation)

Question 46

Inhalation Route Disadvantages (3)

Answer 46

1) Some drugs may be irritating 2) Tolerance in awake patients 3) Inhalant anesthetic gasses depress the CV & respiratory systems (requires constant intensive monitoring)