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Block 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Myencephalon

A

derived from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain), gives rise to the medulla and lower part of the 4th ventricle

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1
Q

What muscle group actions is the median nerve responsible for?

A

Wrist flexion and abduction, forearm pronation, thumb flexion and opposition, and flexion of digits 2-5.

(C6, C7, C8, T1)

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2
Q

Parietal

A

touch, stereognosis

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2
Q
A

myelin stain of lumbar spinal cord; GM=WM approximately; note ventral enlargement

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2
Q
A

Thoracic spinal cord (myelin-stained); WM>GM

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2
Q
A

Lower cervical spinal cord (myelin-stain); WM>GM; note ventral enlargement

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2
Q
A

Caudal Midbrain

  • Red: inferior colliculus
  • Blue: superior cerebellar peduncle, decussation
  • Purple: central grey (periaqueductal grey)
  • Yellow: cerebral aqueduct
  • Green: nucleus raphe (produces 5HT)
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2
Q

What muscle group actions is the musculocutaneous nerve responsible for?

A

Flexion of arm at the elbow, supination of forearm

(C5, C6, C7)

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2
Q

***Describe the landmark dermatome of L1

A

along junction of trunk and thigh, including the groin

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2
Q

Describe the dermatome of L2-L3

A

inner thigh and calf

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2
Q

Name the terminal branches of the lumbosacral plexus

A

Femoral (L2, L3, L4)

Obturator (L2, L3, L4)

Sciatic (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)

Tibial (L4, L5, S1, S2)

Superficial fibular (peroneal) (L5, S1)

Deep fibular (peroneal) (L4, L5)

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3
Q

**Describe the landmark dermatome for C6

A

acromion and along the superior surface of arm, forearm, and hand, including thumb

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4
Q
A

Rostral Medulla

  • Green: 4th ventrical
  • Red: vestibular nucleus (special somatic aff., balance)
  • Purple: vagus nerve
  • Blue: solitary nucleus (visc. aff. general and taste)
  • Yellow: sulcus limitans
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5
Q

Motor system

A

governs voluntary control of movement (corticospinal tract); comprised of upper vs. lower motor neurons, the upper motor neuron crosses the midline at level of medulla (pyramidal decussation)

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves exit the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor (CN III) exits the ventral midbrain just medial to crus cerebri

Trochlear nerve (CN IV) exits the dorsal midbrain just below the inferior colliculi

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6
Q
A

Rostral Medulla

  • Purple: cochlear nucleus (special somatic afferent, hearing)
  • Red: glossopharyngeal nerve
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7
Q
A

Rostral Pons

  • Red circle: Principle motor nucleus, Trigem. sensory nucleus and trigem. nerve
  • Pink: reticular formation
  • Blue: medial lemniscus
  • Green: corticospinal fibers (voluntary motor control)
  • Purple: pontocerebellar fibers
  • Orange: pontine nuclei
  • Gray: middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Dark blue: superior cerebellar penduncle
  • Olive green: nucleus ceruleus
    *
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7
Q

Describe the dermatome for C7

A

back of shoulder along posterior surface of arm, forearm, and hand including digits 2 and 3

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8
Q

Describe the dermatome for C5

A

front of shoulders along anterior surface of arm and forearm.

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9
Q

Describe the dermatome of T2 and T3

A

upper pectoral region

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11
Q

brainstem

A

Midbrain/pons/medulla: cranial nerve nuclei; passage of major sensory/motor pathways, centers for autonomic fxn (respir, circ, and PNS), control of sleep/wake cycles, alertness, and special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing/balance)

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11
Q

Describe the dermatome for C4

A

ridge of shoulders

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12
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

emotion (Limbic)

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13
Q

What are the muscle group actions of the Sciatic nerve?

A

flexion at knee (plus motor components of tibial and common fibular nerve)

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14
What are the Landmark dermatomes of the body?
15
What are the 3 primary vesicles of the developing brain?
Forebrain (prosencephalon) Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
16
DCML
dorsal column/medial lemniscus: a division of the somatosensory system that is responsible for proprioception, vibration, and fine tuning
16
What are the muscle group actions of the **tibial nerve?**
Plantar flexion of foot, inversion of foot, flexion of toes (L4, L5, S1, S2)
18
19
Describe the dermatome of **S2**
posterior thigh and posterior leg
20
ALS
Antero-lateral pathway: division of somatosensory system that is responsible for detecting pain and temperature
22
What areas of the brain govern language?
Broca's area (frontal lobe) Wernicke's area (temporal lobe)--higher order area for processing complex sounds The two areas are connected via arcuate fasiculus and peri-sylvian connections
23
spinal cord
local spinal reflexes, motor pattern generation, major ascending/descending sensory and motor pathways, autonomic centers (SNS and PNS).
25
Basal ganglia
movement initiation, action selection, procedural learning
26
Which cranial nerves exit from the pons?
**Trigeminal** (CN V), **Abducens** (CN VI), **Facial** (CN VII), and **Vestibulocochlear** (CN VIII) all exit from the ventral pons
27
28
Frontal lobe
higher cognition, motor control
29
What are the divisions of the somatosensory system?
DCML (dorsal column/medial lemniscus) and ALS (antero-lateral pathway)
30
\*\*\*Describe the **landmark** dermatome of **T10**
umbilicus
32
What are the muscle group actions of the **deep fibular nerve**?
Dorsiflexion of foot, inversion of foot (L4, L5)
33
Gray vs. White matter
Gray: neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses (neuropil) White: myelinated fiber tracts (axonal processes) and commissures In the brain: gray matter is in the cortex (outside) and white matter in center In spinal cord: the opposite Brainstem: somewhere inbetween.
34
Rostral Midbrain * Red: pineal (sleep/wake cycles) * Blue: posterior commissure (consensual pupillary reflex)
35
Which cranial nerves exit from the medulla?
**Glossopharyngeal** (CN IX), **Vagus** (CN X), and **Hypoglossal** (CN XII) exit from ventral medulla. Also cranial portion of **Accessory** nerve (CN XI) exits from the inferior ventral medulla.
36
Rostral Midbrain * Red: superior colliculus * Purple: crus cerebri (cerebellar peduncle, corticospinal tract) * Yellow: substantia nigra (pars reticulate) * Orange: substantia nigra (pars compacta) * Blue: red nucleus (motor control) * Green: oculomotor nerve
37
Describe the dermatome of **S3-S5**
perianal region
38
Describe the dermatome of **S1**
posterior thigh and lateral leg and foot
40
Describe the dermatome for **C8**
back of shoulder along inferior surface of arm, forearm, and hand, including digist 4 and 5
41
Describe the dermatome of **T11-T12**
lower abdominal region
42
What are the muscle group actions of the **obturator nerve?**
adduction at hip (L2, L3, L4)
44
What are the muscle group actions of the **femoral nerve**?
flexion at hip and extension at knee | (L2, L3, L4)
45
C1 spinal cord (myelin stained); WM\>GM; note accessory nerve nucleus at lateral edge of ventral horn
46
Mesencephalon
both a 1' and 2' vesicle, gives rise to the midbrain and aqueducts
47
Caudal Pons: * Red: 4th ventricle * Pink: Abducens nucleus * Purple: facial neve/motor nucleus * Blue: Abducens nerve * Green: medial lemniscus * Orange: facial nerve
48
A: Internal capsule, anterior limb B: Internal capsule, genu C: Internal capsule, posterior limb D: Caudate nucleus (basal ganglia) E: Putamen F: Thalamus
50
What is the branching pattern of the brachial plexus?
51
53
Green: Oculomotor (CN III) Red: Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Yellow: Abducens nerve (CN VI) Blue: Facial nerve (CN VII) Purple: Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) Pink: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Orange: Vagus nerve (CN X) Black: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
54
55
Diencephalon
Derived from the prosencephalon, gives rise to the thalamus and 3rd ventricle; outpocketings of the diencephalon will develop into neural retina and pigmented epithelium.
57
Caudal Medulla, contains: * decussation of descending corticospinal tract fibers (voluntary motor control path) (GREEN ARROW) * trigeminal nucleus (red arrow) * central grey (yellow arrow)
58
CAUDAL MEDULLA: * Yellow: dorsal motor nucleus of vagus n. * Gray: hypoglossal nucleus (CN XII) * Green: cuneate nucleus * Blue: trigeminal n. nucleus * Purple: pyramid * Orange: DCML * Red: principal olivary nucleus (cerebellar circ) * Pink: DCML crossing
59
60
Temporal lobe
hearing, vision, and memory
60
Describe the dermatomes for **C2 and C3**
back of head
61
What are the 5 secondary vesicles of the developing brain?
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
61
blue arrows point to the **Trochlear nerve (CN IV)** which exits the dorsal surface of the midbrain
63
What are the muscle group actions of the **superficial fibular nerve**?
eversion of foot (L5, S1)
64
What are the spinal roots of the lumbosacral plexus?
L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
65
Describe the dermatome of **L5**
lateral thigh and anterior surface of leg and foot
67
What muscle actions is the **axillary nerve** responsible for?
Abduction and extension at shoulder | (C5, C6)
68
Which medulla section is rostral and which is caudal?
69
Telencephalon
Derived from prosencephalon, gives rise to cerebral hemipsheres and lateral ventricles
70
what muscle group actions is the **ulnar nerve** responsible for?
Finger adduction and abduction other than thumb, thumb adduction, flexion of digits 4 and 5, wrist flexion and adduction (C8, T1)
72
Occipital
vision
73
Medulla (obex) * pink: obex, caudal end of 4th ventricle * green: hypoglossal nerve fibers
75
Myelin-stain of segment of sacral spinal cord; GM\>\>WM
76
What muscle group actions is the **radial nerve** responsible for?
Extension at all arm, wrist, and finger joints; forearm supination, and thumb abduction (C5, C6, C7, C8)
77
cerebellum
control and fine tuning of movement (target error correction), gait and balance
78
Diencephalon
major relays of sensory and some motor pathways (thalamus), alertness/wakefulness, neuroendocrine and endocrine effects, higher centers for autonomic fxn (hypothalamus)
79
81
Cerebral cortex
higher cognitive fxn (consciousness, learning/memory, personality, decision making, language), major sensory/motor representations, voluntary mvmt, and emotions
82
\*\*\*Describe the **landmark** dermatome of **T4**
areolar region
83
What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus and what spinal roots are they derived from?
84
Describe the dermatome of **T1**
upper pectoral region, axilla, and along anterior surface of arm and forearm.
85
Metencephalon
Derived from the rhombecephalon (hindbrain), gives rise to the pons, cerebellum, and upper part of 4th ventricle
86
Describe the dermatome of **T5-T9**
upper abdominal region
87
\*\*\*Describe the **landmark** dermatome of **L4**
from lateral hip over knee cap to great toe

NSB (4 decks)

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