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Laboratory Medicine > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Two types of pathology

A

Anatomic; Clinical

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2
Q

Three subjects needed to interpret labs

A

Population prevalence; Disease incidence; Test characteristics

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3
Q

5 reasons to order a lab test

A

Order; Routine check up; Pre-op; Monitoring; Diagnostics

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4
Q

Usual values found in a population

A

Reference Range

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5
Q

Optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and disease

A

Optimal Range

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6
Q

Specific to lab based on equipment and methods

A

Reference Range

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7
Q

Range that varies with age, sex, race, diet, drugs, stress and population

A

Reference Range

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8
Q

Assay imprecision or Test error variability

A

Analytical Variability

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9
Q

Natural biological fluctuation or lifestyle variation

A

Intra-individual variability

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10
Q

General Chemistry Test

A

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

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11
Q

CMP gives info on (7):

A

Na; Cl; BUN; K; HCO3; Cr; Glu

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12
Q

5 main electrolytes

A

Na; Cl; Mg; Ca; K

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13
Q

Amount of tests annually

A

6.8 billion

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14
Q

Increases by how much %

A

7% annually

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15
Q

5 major liver functions

A
  1. Synthesis and secretion of proteins
  2. Storage of energy (glycogen)
  3. Metabolizes drugs and toxins
  4. Transformation and clearance
  5. Aids digestion through Biliary System
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16
Q

5 Liver Tests

A

Globulin; AST; ALT; Bilirubin; Albumin

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17
Q

Globulin contains

A

100s of serum proteins, including carrier enzymes, complement immunoglobulins

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18
Q

Increase or decrease in Globulin should be evaluated by

A

Serum Electrophoresis

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19
Q

Asparate Aminotransferase (AST) found in

A

Liver tissues

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20
Q

AST detects

A

Liver damage

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21
Q

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) founf

A

in cytosol of liver

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22
Q

ALT detects

A

Liver damage

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23
Q

Which is more specific, ALT or AST

A

ALT

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24
Q

Increased levels of ALT or AST can be caused by

A

Viral Hep, Fatty Liver, Toxins due to medications, Strenuous exercise

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25
Bilirubin formed from
Old Blood Cells
26
Bilirubin is conjugated where
In the liver
27
Bilirubin is conjugated in the liver with
glucuronic acid
28
The role of glucuronic acid with bilirubin is
to make is soluble
29
In the intestine glucuronic acid is removed by bacteria forming
Urobilinogen
30
A portion of the urobilinogen participates in what cycle?
enterohepatic
31
Indirect testing for bilirubin indicates
pre-hepatic
32
Direct testing for bilirubin indicates
post-hepatic
33
Increase in indirect bilirubin can be caused by
1. increased production 2. impaired conjugation function 3. impaired hepatic intake of bilirubin
34
Diseases known to cause increase in indirect bilirubin
1. Hemolysis 2. Kernicterus 3. Grigler-Najjar 4. Gilberts
35
Increase in direct bilirubin can be caused by
1. elevated conjugated bilirubin levels 2. hepatobiliary obstructon 3. reduced secretion of conjugated bilirubin into bile or into intestines
36
Diseases that can cause increase in direct bilirubin
Hepatitis; Dubin- Johnson syndrome
37
Albumin is synthesized
in the liver
38
Albumin with globulins make up
total protein in serum
39
synthesized in what amount
150-250 mg/kg/ day
40
a 70kg man makes how much albumin a day
10-18g
41
Main agent of intravascular osmotic pressure
Albumin
42
Albumin transports
bilirubin, hormones, metats, vitamins and drugs
43
Increased level of albumin caused by
acute dehydration
44
Decreased levels of albumin caused by
depressed synthesis or increased losses
45
Diseases that can cause a DECREASE in synthesis of albumin
End stage liver disease, intestinal malabsorption syndromes, protein malnutrition
46
Protein malnutrition and decreased synthesis of albumin can lead to what syndrome
Kwashiorkor "rice diet"
47
Disease that can cause a LOSS in albumin
Nephrotic syndrome, severe burns
48
Extra storage for albumin is found in
skin
49
Kidney Functions
waste, erythropoein, renin, vit D synthesis
50
Kidney processes how many liters of blood a day
200L
51
Erythropoetin stimulates
red blood cell production in bone marrow
52
Renin is used in
Regulation of blood pressure
53
Kidney Tests
Urinalysis, Creatine, Blood Urea Nitrate (BUN)
54
BUN tests for
breakdown of proteins
55
Creatine tests for
breakdown of creatin in muscles
56
Rate of elimination of creatine is proportional to
glumural filtration
57
Physical, chemical and microscopic exam of urine
Urinalysis
58
Heart tests
Lipid panel, Brain (B-type) Natriuretic protein, troponins
59
Lipid panel tests for
cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, Choles/HDL ratio, LDL calculated
60
Lipid panel shows risk of
heart disease
61
Urinalysis catergories
Urobilinogen, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, protein, nitrite, leukocyte, blood, ph, SG stick, sediment
62
Increase in nitrite and leukocytes in urinalysis can indicate
urinary infection
63
BNP secreted in heart due to
excessive stretching of heart muscle
64
BNP differentiates between
congested heart failure and other causes of dysphea
65
Troponin is released when
heart muscle is damaged
66
Most specific when looking for heart infraction
Troponin I
67
Lab test for brain
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
68
Lab test for lungs
Ph, Co2 levels, O2 levels and lung size
69
Thyroid function lab test
TSH levels
70
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels can indicate
issues with bone marrow or Ca2
71
Most common test inappropriately ordered
estrogen
72
Endocrine tests
TSH, FSH, LH, PTH, Estrogen, Testerone
73
Osler's rule
all abnormalities into one dx

Laboratory Medicine (1 decks)

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