Block 1 Flashcards by Josh Lai

Name the six levels of organisation in the human body

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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what are the two classes of muscles in the muscular system and where to they function

axial in the core and hear, and appendicular in the limbs

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what is the formal name for red blood cell production in the red bone marrow

haematopoiesis

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what is the function of yellow bone marrow and what system is it part of

fat cell storage, part of the skeletal system

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what are the major organs and systems part of the lymphatic system

the spleen and the thymus, the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels

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what is the function of the spleen in the lymphatic system

recycles red blood cells and produces antibodies as an immune response

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what is the main function of the thymus in the lymphatic system

the maturation of T-lymphocytes

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what is erythropoietin, EPO, and where does it function

a glycoprotein hormone that functions in the kidneys. it signals for erythropoiesis in low conc’s of oxygen, where hemocytoblasts produce more red blood cells

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what systems does the pancreas belong to

the digestive and the endocrine

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what system does the thymus gland belong to

the endocrine and lymphatic

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Mammary gland belongs to

integumentary and reproductive

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Gonads belong to

reproductive and endocrine

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Kidneys belong to

urinary and endocrine

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Pharynx belongs to

digestive and respiratory

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what is the fluid component of connective tissue

ground substance, specifically GAGS which hold water to form a jelly consistency

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what are the components of ground substance

glycosaminoglycans, protein, water

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what are the three GAGS that combine with proteins to form proteoglycans

chondroitin, keratin and dermatin sulphate

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what is the GAG that does not bond to proteins?

hyaluronic acid

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what is the function of a fibroblast

secretes fiber proteins, produces reticular lamina as part of basement membrane

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what is the function of an adipocyte

store fat as tryglycerides

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what are the three types of fibres present in connective tissue

collagen, reticular and elastic

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what are the main functions of connective tissue

support, strength, binding, transport, fat storage

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where is the connective tissue located

underneath the basement membrane and the epithelia

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what are some biological features of connective tissue

avascular, not found on body surfaces, nervous

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what is the main exception to the common features of connective tissue?

cartilage

What is the glycoprotein that surrounds the protein fibre elastic?

fibrillin

what number chromosome is responsible for producing an altered form of fibrillin

how does the altered form of fibrillin cause growth defects?

cannot bind to tGFB (transforming growth factor beta), so tGFB roams and causes growth in limbs

what is the function of glycosaminoglycans in ground substance

trap water to make the GS more jelly like

name the three types of loose connective tissue

areolar, reticular, adipose

what are the defining features of collagen fibre

strong and thick

what are the defining features of reticular fibres

thin branching collagen coated with glycoproteins that form part of the basement membranes

what are the defining features of elastic fibres

thin fibrous network of elastin covered with glycoprotein fibrillin

what is the function of a mast cell

produces histamine which dilates vessels

where can areolar tissue be found

in the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin

describe the features of adipose connective tissue

adipose is for insulation, an energy source and thermoregulation.

name the three kinds of dense CT

regular, irregular, elastic

what is supporting connective tissue?

cartilage

What is cartilage

network of collagen and elastic fibres that are relatively weak and flexible

what is the main type of cartilage

hyaline cartilage

what are the two other kinds of cartilage

fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

what are the two kinds of osseous tissue

compact or spongy

what are the main components of an osteon

lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central haversian canal

what are formed elements

Erythrocytes, platelets, granular and agranular leukocytes

what is the defining structural feature of a muscle cell

elongated

how can skeletal muscle tissue be identifuied

multinucleate, cylindrical cells with nucleus' pushed to the side

what are some cells found in the connective tissue?

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, white blood cells (leucocytes)

where can dense regular CT commonly be found

tendons (collagen for attachment)

what is the lamellae in an osteon

hard rings of mineral salts

what are the three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

what kind of muscle tissue is not striated

smooth

what muscle tissue is under voluntary control

skeletal

what is the cytoplasm of a myofibril called

sarcoplasm

what are platelets

fragments from megakaryocytes in the red marrow that prevent blood clotting

what is the suffix that granular leukocytes are identified by

-phil

what is the suffix that agranular leukocytes can be identified by, and what are some examples

-cyte, monocytes, lymphocytes

what are the two types of myofilaments

thin actin and thick myosin

do myofilaments extend the length of the muscle fibre?

no, they are sectioned into sarcomeres

what separates sarcomeres?

Z discs

what are the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle

epimysium, perimysium (fascicles), endomysium

how can cardiac muscle be identified

fibres joined by intercalated discs

what two junctions do intercalated discs contain

gap junctions (connexons) and desmosomes (keratin and cadherin)

does cardiac muscle contain actin and myosin filaments

yes

where can smooth muscle be located

walls of hollow internal structures

what is the shape of a smooth muscle cell

thin and spindle shaped

does smooth muscle contain actin and myosin filaments

yes

what is the z disc equivalent in smooth muscle

a dense body

what is the main protein in a dense body

actinin

what are the two types of nervous tissue cells

neurons and neuroglia

what are some functions of neuroglia

repair and phagocytosis

what are the four kinds of CNS neuroglia

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal

what shape are astrocytes

star shaped

what are the functions of astrocytes

repair and support

what is the function of an oligodendrocyte

forms myelin sheath around CNS axons, can do more than one axon

what is the function of CNS microglia

phagocytosis

what is the function of ependymal cells in the CNS

produce cerebro spinal fluid

what are the two types of PNS neuroglia

schwann cells and satellite cells

what is the function of a schwann cell

form the myelin sheath around one PNS axon only

what is the CNS neuroglia equivalent of satellite cells

astrocytes

what is the function of lymph nodes

monitor the composition of lymph

what does the thyroid gland control

metabolic rate

what is the condition associated with too much Growth hormone as a child

gigantism

what is the condition associated with too much growth hormone as an adult

acromegaly

what does the cytoskeleton consist of

microfilaments e.g. actin, intermediate filaments eg keratin

what are the two proteins involved in tight junctions

claudins and occludin

what spans the gap of a adherens junction

cadherin

what links cadherin to actin in an adherens junction

catenin

what cytoskeletal intermediate filament is present in desmosome junctions

keratin

is cadherin present in desmosomes

yes

how many connexins form a connexon or a hemichannel

how many hemichannels form a gap junction

what junction connects the basement membrane to the epithelia

hemidesmosome

what is the binding protein in a hemidesmosome

integrin

what is the catenin equivalent in a hemidesmosome

laminin

what are the two parts of the basement membrane

basal lamina and reticular lamina

where does the basal lamina of the basement membrane get secreted

epithelial cells

where does the reticular lamina of the basement membrane get secreted

fibroblasts in the connective tissue

does epithelia contain nerves and blood vessels?

nerves but no blood vessels (avascular)

what is the spread of malignant melanoma called

metastasis

what are the two main types of epithelial tissue

glandular and covering/lining

what is the function of glandular epithelia

forms the secretory function of glands

what are the two types of glands

exocrine and endocrine

which gland secretes onto external surfaces/into ducts

exocrine

where can transitional epithelia be found

bladder

what types of epithelium can be ciliated and non-ciliated

simple columnar and pseudo stratified columnar

what type of epithelium can be keratinised and non keratinised

stratified squamous

which gland subtype secretes directly into the blood

endocrine

Block 1 Flashcards

(107 cards)