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Block 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic mechanisms of disease

A 
I SHINED:
Inflammation and infectious disease
Stress (acute or chronic injury)
Hemodynamic disorders
Immunopathology (immunodeficiency, autoimmunity)
Neoplasia
Environmental and nutritional disorders
Developmental and degenerative diseases
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2
Q

Some causes of cell injury

A 
Functional demand
Trophic signals (hormones)
Oxygen supply
Nutrient supply
Viruses, bacteria
Chemicals, toxins
Excessive heat or cold
Ionizing radiation
Errors of metabolism
Nutritional disorders
Gene mutations
Abnormal proteins/lipids
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3
Q

Cellular responses to injury

A

Full recovery, chronic adaptation, or cell death

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4
Q

Defense mechanisms to cellular injury

A

DNA repair enzymes
Ubiquitin/proteasomes
Antioxidants
Altered gene expression

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5
Q

Cell death pathways

A

Autophagy
Apoptosis
Necrosis

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6
Q

Autophagy

A

Organelle depletion

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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8
Q

Necrosis

A

Irreversible cell injury

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9
Q

Cause of reversible cell injury

A

Decrease in intracellular ATP and/or impairment of membrane Na/K ATPase

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10
Q

Hydropic swelling

A

Increase in intracellular water

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11
Q

Causes of hydropic swelling

A

lack of ATP, pump failure, membrane damage

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12
Q

Examples of reversible cell injury

A

Hydropic swelling, mitochondrial swelling, ER distention

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13
Q

Types of necrosis

A 
Liquefactive
Fat
Fibrinoid
Caseous
Coagulative
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14
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Transformation of the tissue into a liquid, viscous mass. Occurs in the brain after coagulative necrosis

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15
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Digestive enzymes (lipase) release fatty acids from triglycerides which complex with calcium to form soaps

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16
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Accumulation of amorphous, basic, proteinaceous material in the tissue matrix w/ a staining pattern reminiscent of fibrin

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17
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Tissue appears soft and as a white proteinaceous dead cell mass

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18
Q

Pyknosis

A

Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus

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19
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus

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20
Q

Karyolysis

A

Dissolution of the nucleus

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21
Q

Ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway

A

Removes misfolded, defective, redundant, and aged proteins. Mediates intracellular signal transduction and regulates DNA synthesis, repair, transcription, translation, atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. Works by tagging a misfolded protein with ubiquitin, after which it is transferred to the proteasome which breaks it down

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22
Q

Cell adaptations to chronic stress

Study These Flashcards
A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Intracellular storage
23
Q

Atrophy (definition and examples)

Study These Flashcards
A

Decrease in cell size/function. Examples include:

  • Reduced functional demand
  • Inadequate supply of oxygen. Can be caused by ischemia (lack of blood supply to tissues)
  • Insufficient nutrients secondary to starvation/inadequate nutrition
  • Interruption of trophic signals. For example, decreased estrogen during menopause or denervation of muscle secondary to neurologic disease
  • Persistent cell injury (chronic inflammation, persistent toxin exposure, physical injury/pressure)
  • Aging
24
Q

Hypertrophy (definition, cause, examples)

Study These Flashcards
A

Increase in cell size/function. Results from transcriptional regulation by growth factors to alter cell size and function without stimulating DNA replication. Controlled by normally expressed or induced cellular oncogenes. Examples include:

  • physiologic/hormonal (goiter in response to increased TSH)
  • increased functional demand (exercise, HTN)
25
Hyperplasia (definition, causes/examples)
Increase in cell number. Causes/examples: - hormonal stimulation - increased functional demand (ex: increased RBCs at high altitudes) - persistent cell injury (usually in skin and viscera; ex: calluses)
26
Metaplasia (definition, mechanism, examples)
Transdifferentiation from one cell type to another. Reversible if stimulus is removed. Involves changes in gene expression on a transcriptional level, not on an amino acid level. Most common example is replacement of glandular epithelium by a squamous one (ex: bronchi of smokers)
27
Dysplasia (definition, mechanism)
Alterations in the uniformity of histogenesis (cell size/type/organization). Reflects persistent injury. Occurs most commonly in hyperplastic or metaplastic squamous epithelium. Pre-neoplastic. Develops as a result of gene mutations.
28
Intracellular storage disorders (definition)
Exaggeration of normal function; inborn errors of metabolism lead to accumulation of intermediate metabolites or an abnormal material
29
How proteins become abnormal
Gene mutations, errors in protein folding or glycosylation, modification by chemicals and reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress)
30
Mechanisms to eliminate abnormal proteins and maintain homeostasis
Degraded via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway | Degraded in lysosomes by autophagy
31
Protein inclusion
Accumulation of abnormal proteins in a cell
32
Protein deposit (amyloid)
Dense, amorphous extracellular deposit of abnormal proteins
33
Abnormal alpha-1-antitrypsin is associated with what disease(s)?
Hepatic cirrhosis, emphysema
34
Prion proteins are associated with what disease(s)?
Prion disease (spongiform encephalopathy)
35
What protein makes up lewy bodies? What disease is associated with storage of lewy bodies?
Made up of alpha synuclein. Implicated in Parkinson's
36
What protein is abnormal in neurofibrillary tangles? What disease(s) is this associated with?
Protein is tau protein. Associated with Alzheimer-type dementia
37
What are some examples of non-protein storage disorders and what macromolecule do they store?
``` Atherosclerosis (lipids) Hemochromatosis (iron) Alcohol fatty liver (triglycerides) Tay-Sach's (carbohydrates) UV light disorders (melanin) Anthracosis (pigments) Asbestosis (fibers) ```
38
Lysosomal storage diseases (definition, example)
Accumulation of unmetabolized normal substrate in lysosomes, owing to deficiencies of specific acid hydrolases, leading to expansion of lysosomal compartment and cell engorgement. Implicated in Gaucher disease.
39
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
40
Describe the main functions of epithelial cells
Lining of surface or body cavities | Glandular secretion
41
Describe the main functions of connective tissues
Support and protection of tissues and organs
42
Describe the main functions of muscle tissue
Strong contraction | Body movements
43
Describe the main functions of nervous tissue
Transmission of nerve impulses
44
Define parenchyma
Active portion of tissue responsible for main organ functions; usually epithelial
45
Define stroma
Supportive portion of the organ, made of connective tissue
46
List the main procedures involved in tissue preparation for microscopic observation
``` Fixation Embedding Sectioning Staining Mounting ```
47
List the main cell shape types
Squamous (flat) Cuboidal (square) Columnar (tall rectangles) Transitional (dome-like apical layer, found only in urinary system, can be multinucleated)
48
Describe the different types of epithelial cell organization
Simple: single layer, nuclei are neatly organized Stratified: more than one cell layer, nuclei are neatly organized, named for apical-most cell shape Pseudostratified: single layer, all cells are in contact with the basal lamina but may not be the same height. Nuclei look disorganized
49
Keratin
Protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Located on the apical surface of the epithelium
50
List the three main functions of the epithelium
Protection, absorption, secretion
51
What are the subtypes of connective tissue?
``` Loose Dense regular Dense irregular Cartilage Bone Adipose tissue Hematopoietic tissue ```
52
Define actin
A family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments and thin filaments
53
Microfilaments
One of the three major components of the cytoskeleton
54
Thin filaments
Part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells

MS1 (2 decks)

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