Block 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Commissure
A
group of nerves connecting one side of the brain to anohter
2
Q
Decussation
A
crossing over of the nerve fibers
3
Q
White Matter consists of?
A
Myelinated axons
4
Q
Gray Matter consists of?
A
neuronal cell bodies and no myelin
5
Q
Types of Glial cells (4)
A
- astrocytes 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglia 4. ependymal cells
6
Q
spinal cord regions and number of nerves
A
cervical cord (8 cranial n) thoracic cord (12 spinal n) lumbar cord (5 spinal n) sacral cord (5 spinal segments)
7
Q
2 enlargements of the spinal cord
A
- cervical enlargement
2. lumbar enlargement
8
Q
3 divisions of the brainstem
A
medulla, pons, midbrain
9
Q
lobes are separated by
A
sulci
10
Q
what are between sulci
A
gyri
11
Q
frontal lobe
A
largest lobe, from central sulcus to the frontal pole
12
Q
precentral gyrus functions
A
- motor signals
- primary motor cortex (area 4)
- controls the contralateral side
13
Q
premotor cortex funcitons
A
initiation and sequencing of complex movements
14
Q
prefrontal cortex functions
A
processing intellectual and emotional events
involved in pathological processes
15
Q
frontal eye field functions
A
voluntary control of conjugate eye movements
16
Q
Brocas speech area
A
only in the left hemisphere
17
Q
Broca’s aphasia
A
damage to Brocas area, difficulty naming objects, difficulty repeating words, comprehension is intact
18
Q
Insula location
A
only seen when temporal lobe is pulled away. it is in the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus
19
Q
Insula Functions
A
reception and integration of taste, reception of viscerosensations, processing of pain sensations, vestibular functions
20
Q
Parietal lobe is associated with what kind of functions
A
somatosensory
21
Q
Postcentral Gyrus functions
A
receives somesthetic information, input = contralateral, somatotropic organization
22
Q
Superior parietal lobule
A
integrates sensory and motor functions, aids in programming complex motor functions
23
Q
Lesion in the superior parietal lobule
A
apraxia (movement disorder) and sensory neglect
24
Q
Inferior parietal lobule
A
input from auditory and visual cortices, complex perceptual discriminations
25
Wernickes Area
only in the left hemisphere and is important for the comprehension of spoken language
26
Wernickes Aphasia
impairment of speech comprehension and repetition, speech remains fluent because Broca's center is intact
27
Temporal Lobe Functions
perception of auditory signals, perception of moving objects in the visual field, recognition of faces
28
Occipital Lobe Functions
interpretation of visual information and the primary visual receiving area
29
Cingulate Gyrus Functions
part of the limbic system - emotional behaviour, regulation of visceral processes and learning
30
Corpus Callosum
communication between hemispheres, it is a massive fiber pathway
31
What does the septum pellucidum form
the medial wall of lateral ventricles
32
Fornix arises from
hippocampal formation
33
Fornix Functions
transmission from hippocampal formation to the septal nuclei and hypothalamus
34
Diencephalon (2 structures)
1. thalamus: sensory, motor and emotional info. passes through
2. hypothalamus: visceral functions, and attaches to the hypophysis
35
Function of the Gyrus Rectus
not clear, thought to be involved in higher cortical functions (i.e. personality features)
36
where does the olfactory bulb recieve info from
the olfactory nerve CN I
37
Function of the occipitotemporal gyrus
not fully understood, thought to be involved in recognition processes
38
Function of the parahippocampal gyrus
memory encoding and retrieval
39
Lingual Gyrus functions
vision processing and analysis of logical conditions
40
What to use when viewing early stages of a subarachnoid hemorrhage
CT
41
what to use when showing more detailed brain structures
MRI
42
how do subarachnoid haemorrhages look in a CT
hyperdense (white) in contrast to the subarachnoid spaces and cisterns, which normally are hypodense (dark)
43
contraindications to MRI
cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, ferromagnetic foreign bodies in the eye, certain aneurysm clips
44
T1 Image (bone, CSF, gray matter, white matter, fat, air, muscle)
```
bone decrease
CSF decrease
gray matter decrease
white matter decrease
fat increase
air decrease
muscle decrease
```
45
T2 Image (bone, CSF, gray matter, white matter, fat, air, muscle)
```
bone decrease
CSF increase
gray matter decrease
white matter decrease
fat increase
air decrease
muscle decrease
```
46
three functions of neurons
1. receive signals 2. integrate signals and 3. send signals
47
are dendrites excitable
no they do not have voltage-gated channels that support AP
48
what channels do an axon terminal have?
they contain voltage-gated Ca++ channels, not Na+
49
Bipolar neurons
special sense organs, 2 main functions (detects and transmits), function via graded potentials
50
multipolar neurons
many dendrites with one exon from the soma
51
pseudounipolar neurons
sensory systems, extends from the soma and bifurcates into peripheral and central branch
52
chemical synapses
use neurotransmitters (inhibitory/excitatory), release depends on Calcium, integration of information
53
Electrical Synapses
ions flow between cells, rapid communication with no synaptic delays, gap junctions formed by connexons
54
Microtubules
alternating a and B tubulin, kinesin and dynein. microtubule-associated proteins, chemotherapeutic agents, hallmark of Az
55
Neurofilaments (Intermediate Filaments)
Stabilize neuron shape, Lewy bodies (PK)
56
Actin filaments (Microfilament)
actin monomet, interact w/ ECM
57
collagen fibrils
provide extracellular framework for axons
58
Fast anterograde transport
transports vesicles and membrane-bound organelles, they send it from the cell body to the synaptic terminal. Uses kinesin ATPase.
59
Slow anterograde transport
transports soluble proteins: neurofilaments, enzymes. they transport it from the cell body to the synaptic terminal. it supplies proteins for regrowth of damaged axons
60
Retrograde axonal transport
transports vesicles, membrane bound organelles. it uses them from the synaptic terminal to the cell body. it uses dynein ATPase. allows peripheral cellular components to be degraded and recycled.
61
rabies virus
replicates in muscle tissues, retrogradely transported to the cell body. from CNS to the salivary glands
62
Do Glial cells propagate an AP
no
63
What do glial cells do
provide support to the CNS
64
types of macroglia
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells
65
what arises from the neuroectoderm
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
66
what arises from neural crest cells
schwann cells
67
where are fibrous astrocytes found
white matter
68
where are protoplasmic astrocytes found
gray matter
69
where are radial glia found
guide neurons to their targets.
70
astrocyte origin
neuroectoderm
71
GFAP are used with what
astrocytes
72
astrocyte functions
brain metabolism, NT metabolism, BBB, recovery of CNS after damage
73
Oligodendrocytes are found where
the CNS
74
Schwann cells are found where
the PNS
75
oligodendrocytes marker/appearance
fried egg appearance
76
Oligodendrocyte functions
myelinate CNS, oligodendroglioma and affected in MS
77
Oligodendrocytes arise from where
neuroectoderm
78
Schwann cells arise from where
Neural crest cells
79
Schwann cell function
myelinate the PNS, secrete growth factors, participate in regeneration
80
What is affected in Guillain- Barre Syndrome
Schwann cells
81
where do microglial cells originate from
the mesoderm
82
functions of microglial cells
migrate to CNS, active during infections, motile after CNS trauma, HIV infection
83
Ependymal cells origin
neuroectoderm
84
Ependymal cells function
cilia that move CSF, choroid epithelial cells, tanycytes
85
Wallerian Degeneration
interrupted flow of materials from the soma to the axon. axonal degredation distal to the point of severe axonal damage. nerve terminals = clumps of neurofilaments and disrupted mitochondria. glial cells invade and phagocytose.
86
Proximal Degeneration
axonal damage = chromatolysis within soma . rER disintegrates. chromatolysis can reverse. but it can also die
87
Resting membrane potential is determined primarily by what gradient
Potassium
88
intravenous K-based solutions cause what
cardiac fibrillation and death
89
temporal summation
occurs when a second graded potential arrives in time to build on the first
90
spatial summation
occurs when two graded potentials arrive together and add
91
where are the different channels stabilized
Na+ at nodes, K*. adjacent to nodes
92
Guillian Barre Syndrome
demyelination of peripheral nerves. increased CSF protein
93
Diabetic neuropathy
accumulation of sugar alcohols. peripheral demyelination
94
Peroneal Muscular Atrophy - Charcot Marie-Tooth Disease
defective proteins involved in the structure and function. "stork-like legs" and slow progression
95
Multiple Sclerosis
blurry loss of vision, ataxia and scanning, urinary incontinence, jerky eye movements, neck flexion.
96
Central pontine myelinolysis
demyelinating brain stem. low sodium levels. dysarthria, locked-in syndrome.
97
Adrenoleukodystrophy
peroxisome defect. accumulation of LCFA, loss of mylein in brain and adrenal insufficiency
98
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
lysosomal storage disease, accumulation of sulfatides, loss of myslin
99
Krabbe disease
lysosomal storage disease
100
differentiation
degree to which a tumor resembles its cells of origin.
| poorly differentiated - don not resemble tissue of origin (more aggressive)
101
grade
degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity low grade = well differentiated
102
stage
degree of localization- based on the size/site/ the spread/the metastases.
103
TNM
```
T= tumor size and invaseiveness
N= node involvement
M= metastases
```
104
what does stage determine
Survival
105
Glial Tumors
gliomas - occur in the brain, spinal cord and PNs
106
three types of glial cells that can produce tumors
1. astrocytomas
2. ependymomas
3. oligodendrogliomas
107
astrocytomas
typically in adults frontal lobes and childrens cerebellums
108
glioblastomas
a high grade astrocytoma, malignant and hemorrhagic, may cross the corpus callosum and spread via CSF
109
Oligodendroglioma
fried egg/chicken wore. it is a frontal lobe tumor in middle aged adults
110
Ependymoma
this is a MC spinal cord tumor in adults with a poor prognosis
111
Where do most glial tumors occur
about 70% occur above the tentorium cerebelli
112
meningioma
usually benign and associated with NF2, estrogen and progesterone receptors, can infiltrate overlying bone
113
hemangioblastoma
blood vessel origin, associated with Hippel-Landau Syndrome
114
Schwannoma
originates from schwann cells. involves CN VII and CN VIII
