Block 10 Flashcards
Functions of urinary system
- maintain water balance
- maintain salt balance
- metabolise Vit D
- regulate blood glucose lvls
- gluconeogenesis
- EPO production
- renin release
- excretion of metabolic waste products
2 layers of Bowman’s capsule
Parietal - simple squamous epithelium
Visceral - simple squamous epithelium w inner layer of podocytes on basement membrane which sits on fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus
Key characteristic of both nephrotic + nephritic syndrome
disruption to glomerular filtration barrier causing some degree of proteinuria
Half life
Half-life of a drug (T ½) is the time necessary to halve the plasma concentration
BPE
Benign prostatic enlargement
Most common cancer in men in UK
Prostate cancer
Hesitancy
difficulty initiating urination
if GFR too high…
- not enough time for reabsorption
- [NaCl] in filtrate high
Name of glands lying either side of the distal urethra in females
Skene’s glands
- homologous to male prostate
General histology of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- microvilli on apical surface – increase SA for reabsorption
- high number of mitochondria – produce ATP needed for reabsorption
- highly infolded basolateral membrane
Cells involved in tubulo-glomerular feedback
Macula densa cells of DCT
Clinical hallmarks of nephrotic syndrome (4)
- Proteinuria
- Oedema
- Lipiduria
- Hyperlipidemia
Normal blood pH
7.34 - 7.38
Most common cause of intrarenal AKI
Acute tubular necrosis
Receptors in the detrusor muscle that get activated stimulating bladder contraction
M3 muscarinic receptors
Briefly explain the myogenic mechanism of regulating glomerular filtration
Drop in mean arterial BP:
- detected by SMCs in afferent arterioles triggers vasodilation
- increased blood flow to glomerulus
- increased filtration
Increase in mean arterial BP:
- detected by SMCs in afferent arterioles triggers vasoconstriction
- decreased blood flow to glomerulus
- decreased filtration
Why can’t negatively charged molecules pass through the filtration membrane?
proteins in filtration membrane are -ve so repel -ve charged molecules
Cortical nephron capillary beds
peritubular capillaries
Azotemia
increased retention of urea and creatinine
Mesangial cells
cells in filtration membrane
can contract to help regulate rate of filtration through glomerulus
First site of water reabsorption in nephron
PCT
[NaCl] in filtrate directly varies with
filtrate flow rate
Preclinical disease state
- starts w the onset of the disease process
- AND lasts until signs and symptoms appear
Pedicels
tiny projections of podocytes which interdigitate to form filtration slits
