Block 11 Flashcards

Question

What is diagnostic of CML

Answer 1

Philadelphia chromosome

Answer 2

Gleevec | >80% remission

Answer 3

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Answer 4

Adults (>50 yoa)

Answer 5

Increase WBCs (>20K)

Answer 6

Usually found by accident at a physical

Answer 7

10 year survival for types 1 and 2 | <2 year survival for types 3 and 4

Answer 8

You normally don't treat it

Answer 9

Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer 10

85% survival

Answer 11

69% survival

Answer 12

Single lymph node affected

Answer 13

2 or more lymph nodes on one side of diaphragm

Answer 14

Cancer spreads to both sides of diaphragm or involves spleen

Answer 15

Liver, bone marrow, lung

Answer 16

Hemoglobin x3= hematocrit +/-3

Answer 17

Hematocrit /3 : hemoglobin

Answer 18

The size of lymphocytic nucleus

Answer 19

HGB and HCT are both low

Answer 20

Blood loss Impaired RBC production Accelerated RBC destruction

Answer 21

1. Iron deficiency | 2. Thalassemia

Answer 22

B12/folate deficiency

Answer 23

3 years worth

Answer 24

Fava beans

Answer 25

NSAIDs Sulfa drugs Anti-malarial drugs

Answer 26

G6PD deficiency | Sickle cell anemia

Answer 27

Mediterranean (Italy/Greece)

Answer 28

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Answer 29

``` Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles ```

Answer 30

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolrar ducts Alveoli

Answer 31

Airway conduction is compromised (bronchitis, asthma

Answer 32

Lung expansion is compromised (fibrosis)

Answer 33

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 34

Maxillary sinus

Answer 35

Ethmoid sinus

Answer 36

Upper respiratory infection (bacterial or viral) Deviated nasal septum Smoking

Answer 37

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 38

Pain over sinus Nasal congestion Fever Cough

Answer 39

X ray | CT

Answer 40

True It can spread to the orbit and cause sinusitis

Answer 41

Inflammation of the larynx

Answer 42

Viral (most common) or bacterial

Answer 43

Coarse voice Fever Heals within days

Answer 44

Croup | And diphtheria

Answer 45

Barking cough | Children

Answer 46

Rare Suffocation Death

Answer 47

Strep threat With pain, adenopathy, NO cough Rapid Strep test

Answer 48

Inflammation of the trachea and he bronchi

Answer 49

Inflammation of the lungs

Answer 50

Bacterial | Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 51

Begins as acute bronchitis and spreads to the lungs | The lower lobes or right middle lobe is usually affected

Answer 52

Complete consolidation of a lobe of the lung Lung abscess, emphysema, sepsis

Answer 53

Sudden onset of high fever Productive cough Chest pain Tachycardia

Answer 54

Chest X-ray | Lab tests

Answer 55

In young individuals Mycoplasma pneumoniae (viruses_

Answer 56

``` Asking pneumonia Low grade fever Nonproductive cough Chest pain Flu-like symptoms ```

Answer 57

Inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 58

In the phagosomes of alveolar macrophages

Answer 59

PPD skin test

Answer 60

``` Can be symptomatic or asymptomatic Upper part of lower lobe Lower part of upper lobe Caseus necrosis in periphery and hilar lymph nodes Usually resolves ```

Answer 61

Reactivation of previous TB infection Cytokines from memory T cells released Severe Can spread out of lungs

Answer 62

Fever Drenching night sweats Weight loss

Answer 63

Can spread in lungs, can spread out of lungs Kidneys can be affected Spread to vertebrae, meninges, etc

Answer 64

Uveal tract

Answer 65

Granulmatous keratic precipitates Iris granulomas Cataracts

Answer 66

Most common | Can mimic tumor

Answer 67

Uncommon Exudative hemorrhagic lesions Scars can form

Answer 68

Affects orbit, eyelid, lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, sclera

Answer 69

Influenza virus A and B

Answer 70

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 71

High fever, joint pain, malaise, pain with eye movements

Answer 72

Mild mutation, no new vaccine needed

Answer 73

Major mutation, new vaccine needed

Answer 74

Progressive irreversible obstruction of airflow out of the lungs Smoking Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Answer 75

Enlargement of all or part of the respiratory unit

Answer 76

Smoking AAT deficiency

Answer 77

``` Increase compliance Decreased elasticity Destruction of elastic tissue Loss of radio traction Small airways collapse on expiration ```

Answer 78

Productive cough that lasts for 3 months for 2 years Smoking

Answer 79

Hyper-secretion of mucus in the bronchi Obstruction of the airlift Irreversible fibrosis

Answer 80

Productive cough Dispnea Hypoemia Large horizontally oriented heart

Answer 81

Epidemic reversible disease of the bronchi Thick bronchial basement membrane Dyspnea with episodic expiratory wheezing Nocturnal cough

Answer 82

Type 1 HS rxn to extrinsic allergens Runs in families Initial: CD4, IL4 2nd exposure: IgE, release histamine, Bronchoconstriction, mucus production, influx of leukocytes

Answer 83

Pulmonary thromboembolism

Answer 84

Deep veins of the lower extremities and pelvis

Answer 85

``` Prolonged bed rest Hypercoagulable states (dense blood) ```

Answer 86

Main pulmonary arteries

Answer 87

Medium-sized and small pulmonary arteries

Answer 88

- Increase in pulmonary artery pressure - decrease blood flow to pulmonary parenchyma - hemorrhagic infarction - perfusion is greater than ventilation in the lower lobes - majority are located in the lower lobes

Answer 89

``` Saddle embolus: sudden death Sudden onset of dyspnea and tachypnea Pleuritic chest pain Fever Expiratory wheezing ```

Answer 90

Spiral CT Abnormal perfusion radionuclide scan Positive d-dimers-non-specific

Answer 91

Mean PAP>25 mmHG at rest | Mean PAP>30 mmHG with exercise

Answer 92

Cause is not known More common in women Genetic predisposition

Answer 93

Comorbid condition causes the HTN

Answer 94

1. Endothelial cell dysfunction, loss of vasodilator, increase in vasoconstrictors 2. Hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis stimulate vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries , smooth muscle hypertrophic and hyperplasia

Answer 95

Combination of PH and RVH leading to right sided heart failure

Answer 96

``` Chronic hypoxemia Chronic respiratory acidosis Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Volume overloading pulmonary vasculature Left sided vasculature disease Backup of blood into pulmonary veins ```

Answer 97

Atherosclerosis of main elastic pulmonary arteries smooth muscle hypertrophy

Answer 98

Excess fluid in the lungs | Fluid collects in the air sacs and makes it difficult to breathe

Answer 99

Heart problems

Answer 100

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure in lung capillaries - left sided heart failure, volume overload, mitral stenosis 2. Decreased oncotic pressure

Answer 101

Infections Aspiration Drugs High altitude

Answer 102

Fibrosing disorders | Granulomatous disease

Answer 103

Early: alveolitis | Leukocytes release cytokines, that stimulate fibrosis

Answer 104

Decreases lung compliance (decreased expansion) Increases lung elasticity (stiffness)

Answer 105

Dry cough Exerting dyspnea Potential for Cor pulmonale

Answer 106

Smoking males | 40-70 yoa

Answer 107

Repeated alveolitis Release of cytokines produces interstitial fibrosis Proximal dilation of small airways Lung has honey comb appearance

Answer 108

Fever Progressing dyspnea with exertion Chronic nonproductive cough Late inspiratory cackle

Answer 109

Inhalation of mineral dust not the lungs leading to interstitial fibrosis Mineral dust includes coal dust, silica, asbestos, and beryllium

Answer 110

Large bronchi and eliminated by coughing

Answer 111

Reach the alveoli and are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages

Answer 112

Get stuck at the bifurcation or bronchioles/alveolar ducts

Answer 113

Silica Asbestos Beryllium

Answer 114

Coal workers pneumoconiosis Usually asymptomatic Pigment in interstitial tissue and hilar nodes

Answer 115

Fibrotic opacities are smaller than 1 cm in upper lobes and upper portions of lower lobes

Answer 116

Fibrotic opacities larger than 1-2cm IR without necrotic centers Crippling lung disease (black lung)

Answer 117

Multi-system noninfectious granulomatous disease that produces chronic interstitial fibrosis

Answer 118

Black Non smokers Women 20-39 years old

Answer 119

Disorder in immune regulation

Answer 120

Granulomatous disease

Answer 121

Modular lesions containing granulomas

Answer 122

Increase ACE

Answer 123

It is not really treated unless required (steroids) | It usually resolves on its own in 3 years

Answer 124

Primary lung cancer

Answer 125

``` Smoking Risk increases with quantity and duration of smoking Men have a greater risk Asbestos Certain metals Secondhand smoke ```

Answer 126

``` Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Small cell lung carcinoma Large cell carcinoma Bronchial carcinoid ``` Small cell and non-small cell

Answer 127

Very malignant

Answer 128

Better | Longer life expectancy

Answer 129

``` Hilar lymph nodes * most common Adrenal gland Liver Brain Bone ```

Answer 130

Gene mutations ``` Oncogenes (promote cell survival and division) Suppression genes (promote cell apoptosis) p53 ```

Answer 131

``` Cough Weight loss Hemoptysis Dyspnea Chest pain ```

Answer 132

Peripheral tumor Most common In non-smokers, women Grows slowly but metastasizes early Scar carcinoma develop in scars

Answer 133

Central More common in men Strong association with smoking P52 mutations

Answer 134

Lung carcinoma in the apex o lungs

Answer 135

Horners syndrome

Answer 136

Ptosis Mitosis Anhidrosis Compression of the superior sympathetic ganglia

Answer 137

Air in thoracic cavity

Answer 138

Blood in thoracic cavity

Answer 139

Loss of lung volume caused by collapse of alveoli | Results in shunting of inadequate oxygenated blood from pulmonary arteries to veins

Answer 140

Excessive snoring with intervals of breath cessation

Answer 141

Obesity (the pharyngeal muscles collapse)

Answer 142

Airway obstruction causes CO2 retention and hypoxemia

Answer 143

To maintain sufficient blood pressure to profuse the body

Answer 144

Cardiovascular disease

Answer 145

Hypertension | Coronary artery disease

Answer 146

Age and lifestyle choices

Answer 147

Don't know the cause

Answer 148

Due to another disease/drug | Can resolve with cause

Answer 149

Damage to vessel walls | Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, stroke, CAD

Answer 150

Cardiac hypertrophy Heart failure Retinal exudates Flame and hemorrhages

Answer 151

Remodeling | It is normal with aging

Answer 152

Arteriosclerosis | Atherosclerosis

Answer 153

Aging process accelerated by hypertension In less sever HTN Increased ECM narrows artery ad reduces compliance

Answer 154

In severe HTN New smooth muscle cells (onion) Narrows vessel, reduces compliance and causes vessel necrosis

Answer 155

Prescence of plaques in arteries Weakens the vessel If it ruptures it can cause a clot Clot can break off and lodge elsewhere

Answer 156

``` Lifestyle changes BB, CCB Diuretics ACEI, ARBs Cholesterol lowering medications ```

Answer 157

``` Failure of pump Obstruction of flow Regurgitant flow Flow disorders Conduction disorders ```

Answer 158

When the heart cannot maintain cardiac output or can only maintain it at altered filling pressures

Answer 159

Heart cannot generate sufficient force Due to ischemia or HTN

Answer 160

Heart cannot properly relax Due to HTN, fibrosis, or pericarditis

Answer 161

A heart attack Lack of sufficient blood flow to the heart

Answer 162

Reduced blood flow to overworked muscle Clot in the coronary circulation

Answer 163

Loss of heart muscle and production of non-contractile scar

Answer 164

Periods of angina, dyspnea, and confusion | As heart muscle dies, biomarkers are released and can be examined

Answer 165

Restore blood flow by stent or bypass

Answer 166

The left ventricle is the cause of failure The left side cant pump what the right side gives it, so volume builds up in the lung Increased volume increases pressure and causes pulmonary edema Increases workload on the heart

Answer 167

The right ventricle is the cause Right side cant pump what the left gives it, volume builds up the periphery Edema in the liver and legs Increases workload on the left side

Answer 168

Reduce workload of heart (B.B., CCB, diuretics) Increase contractility to increase CO nad maintain fxn (B Ag, cardiac glycosides) Heart transplant in only cure

Answer 169

Flow obstruction Regurgitant flow Disordered flow

Answer 170

Stenotic valves of hypertension increase pressure required to move blood Can lead to hypertrophy and fibrosis

Answer 171

Valves do not close properly, increase volume moving backwards Leads to dilation of the heart

Answer 172

Vessel abnormalities reduce flow to the periphery Aneurysms, coarted arota, patent ductus arteriosis

Answer 173

Fix the reason for altered flow Surgery Replace old valves Have to be replaced every couple of decades

Answer 174

Arrhythmia

Answer 175

Damage to the conduction system of the heart that causes altered conduction pathways and irregular heart beats

Answer 176

Ventricular arrythmia

Answer 177

Atrial fibrillation

Answer 178

Non-contracting atria Has little affect on the heart Atria only matter at high heart rates or in late heart failure Causes pooling of blood, clots can form on walls

Answer 179

Anti-coagulant

Answer 180

``` Diabetes Thyroid diseases Parathyroid diseases Pituitary disorders Adrenal dysfunctions ```

Answer 181

B cells of the pancreas

Answer 182

A,B,C chains | The C chain is removed during production and secreted with insulin

Answer 183

1. Insulin is secreted when blood glucose is high 2. GLUT2 transports glucose into B cells 3. Glucose is oxidized to produce ATP 4. high ATP levels cause closure of ATP sensitive K channels 5. Less K leaving the cell causes depolarization 6. Depolarization opens Ca channels 7. Ca causes exocytosis of insulin into the blood stream

Answer 184

Binds its receptor (receptor tyrosine kinase) Receptors phosphorylate themselves and become active They phosphorylate other proteins inside the cell (IRS-1 and GLUT 4) Receptor is then internalized and destroyed/recycled

Answer 185

- storage of excess energy - decrease blood glucose levels - decreases blood fat levels - decreases blood A.A levels

Answer 186

Group of diseases with a common presentation of hyperglycemia

Answer 187

10% Type 1/juvenile Autoimmune destruction of B cells -no insulin is produced -increases blood levels of glucose, lipids, and proteins Muscle wasting Diabetic ketoacidosis due to use of fats as energy. Diuresis, acidosis, hyperkalemia

Answer 188

Lifelong insulin therapy

Answer 189

90% Type 2/adult onset Loss of insulin sensitivity due to chronic high levels of BG Make insulin but we don’t respond to it

Answer 190

``` Life style changes Metformin Sulfonylureas Thiazolidinedione SGLT2 inhibitors ```

Answer 191

Production of T3/T4 Hypothalamus releases TRH Ant. Pit releases TSH Thyroid releases T4 and T3

Answer 192

Signals through a steroid pathway Bone growth and maturation CNS maturation Increases BMR and heat production Increases all body metabolisms Increases cardiac output

Answer 193

It’s a peptide hormone that acts like a steroid Intracellular receptor Directly initiates transcriptional changes

Answer 194

Too much T/3T4 (Graves)

Answer 195

``` Weight loss Increased appetite Heat intolerance Sweating Increased cardiac output Exopthalmos Goiter ```

Answer 196

Serum TSH and T/T4 levels

Answer 197

Remove thyroid/tumor

Answer 198

Not enough T3/T4 Hashimotos Iodine deficiency Ceongenital

Answer 199

``` Weight gain Cold intolerance Low cardiac output Mental slowness Lack of energy Myxedema(swollen puffy skin) ```

Answer 200

Give them exogenous T3/T4 or iodine

Answer 201

Cretinism T3/T4 is needed for development Physical and mental develop abnormalities Learning disabilities Growth inhibited Protruding tongue Umbilical hernia

Answer 202

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland Old women First sign is goiter Anti-thyroid antibodies Inflammation and cell death in the thyroid

Answer 203

Enlarged thyroid Caused by low iodine Can occur in hyper/hypothyroidism Can lead to thyroid tumors

Answer 204

PTH from chief cells

Answer 205

Serum ionized calcium levels Released in repsonse to low levels Works to raise blood calcium levels

Answer 206

Works on kidney to increase phosphate excretion and calcium reabsorption - increase osteoclasts activity - activates VitD to allow for better absorption of dietary Calcium

Answer 207

Due to parathyroid tumor

Answer 208

``` Hypercalcemia Weakened bones Hypophosphatemia Renal stones block ureter Constipation Depression ```

Answer 209

Remove tumor

Answer 210

Due to renal failure VitD must be activated in the kidney Hypocalcemia due to dietary absorption which increases PTH levels Bones are dissolved and serum calcium is restored Weakened bones Possible calcifications of some vessels

Answer 211

A rare condition Due to thyroid removal Congenital abnormality Autoimmune destruction of parathyroid glands

Answer 212

``` Hypocalcemia Hyperphosphatemia Muscle spasms Tetany Cardiac arrhythmias Increases intracranial pressure Seizures Clotting disorder ```

Answer 213

Stimulating hormones And GH’s

Answer 214

Non functioning tumor Congenital Ischemia Radiation damage

Answer 215

Slow loss of most downstream glandular function FSH/LH lost first GH 2nd lost Thyroid/ACTH last to go

Answer 216

Tumor in pituitary gland

Answer 217

One cell type | Will produce too much of only one hormone

Answer 218

True, its special

Answer 219

-GH binds receptor and causes phosphorylation of intracellular proteins -regulates blood levels of all energy sources -causes protein synthesis and organ growth -linear bone growth =produces somatomedins that act like GH in some targets

Answer 220

Pituitary damage

Answer 221

Failure to grow and develop normally in first months Must give GH to allow catchup

Answer 222

``` Short (dwarfism if not corrected) Under developed Poor bone density Low muscle mass Late puberty ```

Answer 223

Loss of lean muscle Obesity Poor bone density Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 224

- Pituitary gigantism - Rare - Increased linear growth - early mortality due to overgrowth of organs - predisposition to diabetes, HTN, osteoporosis

Answer 225

``` Acromegaly Due to pituitary tumor Growth of all soft tissues and organs Cardiovascular issues Long fingers No gain in height Insulin resistance Peripheral vision loss ```

Answer 226

Glucocorticoids NE Epi mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 227

Stress hormone

Answer 228

- Increases protein catabolism - increase fatty acid usage - maintenance of blood glucose levels - stimulates gluconeogensis by liver - anti-inflammatory and immunosuppression

Answer 229

Taking Glucocorticoids Too much ACTH or adrenal tumor

Answer 230

``` Adrenal produces too much cortisol Hyperglycemia Weight gain Central obesity Moon face Buffalo hump Muscle wasting HTN Virilization ```

Answer 231

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex (common after TB)

Answer 232

Adrenal don’t make enough cortical hormones ``` Hypoglycemia Weight loss Muscle weakness Hypotension Hyperkalemia Metabolic acidosis Hyperpigmentation ```

Answer 233

Overproduction of ACTH ACTH and MSH come from the are protein Bronze skin and dark organs

Answer 234

Tumors of chromaffin cells Common symptom of HTN Diagnose by imaging serum Epi/NE Treat by removing the tumor

Answer 235

Incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter in response to swallowing

Answer 236

Lower sphincter

Answer 237

Mesenteric ganglia that carry the vagal fibers from the esophagus are absent

Answer 238

Aspiration of esophageal content into the lungs

Answer 239

Inflammation or ulceration

Answer 240

Herniation of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Answer 241

Reflux or backward movement of gastric contents into the esophagus

Answer 242

Heartburn or pyrosis associated with eating

Answer 243

Weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter causes GERD

Answer 244

``` Food CNS depressants Obesity Preggo Hiatal hernia Delayed gastric emptying Increased gastric volume ```

Answer 245

``` Avoid positions that cause reflux Avoid large meals Avoid trigger foods Weight loss Drugs (antacids, etc.) ```

Answer 246

Heart burn 30-60 min after eating that is relieved by sitting upright Wheezing, chronic cough, hoarseness of voice

Answer 247

Epigastric or retrosterna area that radiates to the throat, shoulder, or back

Answer 248

Distal esophageal squamous cells replace columnar epithelium containing goblet cells A complication of GERD The inflammation leads to ulceration

Answer 249

Strictures and ulcers

Answer 250

30-40% Because of high grade dysplasia Needs periodic screening

Answer 251

Adenocarcinoma | Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 252

GERD and Barrett esophagus

Answer 253

Distal 1/3 esophagus | (White males)

Answer 254

Middle part of esophagus (top 2/3)

Answer 255

``` Alcohol Tobacco Injury Achalasia Consumption of hot beverages ```

Answer 256

``` Dysphagia** Weight loss Anorexia Fatigue Pain on swallowing ```

Answer 257

Depends on the stage Early: surgical resection/radiation/chemo Long term survival is limited

Answer 258

HCl and pepsin

Answer 259

- Lining that is impermeable to acid it secretes | - there is coupled secretion of H+ ad HCO3- ions

Answer 260

Protective

Answer 261

To prevent acid penetration and covered with an impermeable hydrophobic layer There is no diffusion of ionized water soluble molecules

Answer 262

Aspirin and bile

Answer 263

Prostaglandins

Answer 264

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

Answer 265

``` Aspirin, alcohol, NSAIDs Bacterial toxins Oral corticosteroids Serious illness/trauma with stress Radiotherapy Chemo ```

Answer 266

Spirit Alcohol Toxins (s. Aureus)

Answer 267

Hemorrhage

Answer 268

Presence of chronic inflammation leading to atrophy Absence of grossly visible erosions

Answer 269

1. Helicobacter pylori gastritis 2. Autoimmune gastritis 3. Chemical gastropathy

Answer 270

Removal of the cause of it

Answer 271

Helicobacter pylori gastritis

Answer 272

It produces enzymes and toxins leading to inflammation, atrophy, and metaplasia

Answer 273

2-3 Ab with a Proton pump inhibitor

Answer 274

Rare (10%) Autoantibodies to gastric cells and intrinsic factor Causes anemia, atrophy, and adenocarcinoma Chronic injury is due to alkaline duodenal reflux

Answer 275

Involve gastric muscle and proximal duodenum Can affect one or all 3 layers of the stomach Regeneration is imperfect with scarring

Answer 276

``` H. Pylori NSAIDs Corticosteroids Smoking Genetics ```

Answer 277

Epigastric discomfort and pain Periodic pain is the hallmark

Answer 278

Hemorrhage Perforation Gastric outlet obstruction

Answer 279

Eradicate cause

Answer 280

Rare condition with irresectable gastronomes in duodenum and pancreas 2/3 are malignant 1/3 have metastasized by time f diagnosis

Answer 281

Caused by major physiological stress like burns, trauma, sepsis, severe liver failure, major surgical procedures

Answer 282

Gastric, duodenum, and esophageal ulcers in persons with intracranial injury Increased ICP causes vagal stimulation and hypersecretion of acid

Answer 283

Stomach cancer

Answer 284

Genetics Carcinogens Autoimmune gastritis Gastric adenoids/polyps

Answer 285

Vague | DETECTION is difficult

Answer 286

Ba X ray Endoscopy/biopsy Cytologic studies

Answer 287

Radical gastrectomy Irradiation Chemo

Answer 288

Celiac disease

Answer 289

Ingestion of gluten containing grains

Answer 290

T cell mediated There is an increased level of Ab

Answer 291

Diarrhea Pruritic rash Itching/burning Abdominal pan ``` Bloating Irritability/depression Stomach upset Joint pain Muscle cramps Skin rash Mouth sores Dental/bone disorders Tingling of legs/feet ```

Answer 292

case Hx IgA- antitTG test Biopsy Flattened brow

Answer 293

You dont have lactase enzyme to break down lactose, so it gets fermented by gut bacteria and causes gas, and abdominal pain

Answer 294

Limit dairy product intake Use a substitute nutrient source to maintain energy and protein intake Use lactose products Eat yogurt with live and active cultures

Answer 295

Chrohn’s | Ulcerative colitis

Answer 296

Any part of GI tract except the rectum SKIP lesions

Answer 297

Colon Continuous inflammation Rectum is involved

Answer 298

Lower right abdomen

Answer 299

Lower left abdomen

Answer 300

``` Colon wall is thickened Transmural inflammation Cobblestone mucosa Ulcers Fistula ```

Answer 301

``` Colon wall is thinner Mucosal inflammation Pseudopolyps Crypt abscesses Ulcers ```

Answer 302

``` Strictures Fistulas Perianal disease Malabsorption Nutritional depletion ```

Answer 303

Severe stenosis Toxic megacolon Colorectal carcinoma

Answer 304

Non-granulomatous uveitis | 1-10%

Answer 305

Non-granulomatous uveitis | 1-5%

Answer 306

Anti-inflammatorys Immunosuppressive agents Steroids Surgery

Answer 307

Chronic | Constant monitoring

Answer 308

Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort 3 days/month for the past 3 months with symptoms onset of more than 6 month.

Answer 309

Pain relief with defecation Change in bowel habits Change in stool form

Answer 310

Processed food High fructose corn syrup Milk formulas in infants

Answer 311

Stress management Increase fiber Avoid fatty, gas producing foods, alcohol, and caffeine Antispasmotics Anticholinergics Serotonin antagonist

Answer 312

Wtf?? | 2 different colored eyes....

Answer 313

Acquired her nations of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through the muscularis propria Occurs most commonly in the sigmoid colon

Answer 314

Presence of diverticula in an individual who is asymptomatic

Answer 315

Reserve of diverticula associated with symptoms 20% of individuals with diverticula

Answer 316

Abdominal pain (LL quad) N/V Tenderness Fever

Answer 317

``` Case Hx Barium enema CT scan Endoscopy Ultrasound ```

Answer 318

``` Diverticulitis Perforation with peritonitis Abscess Hemorrhage Bowel obstruction Fistulas ```

Answer 319

Inflammation of the appendix

Answer 320

Periumbilical pain (dull and steady) Low grade fever Nausea Anorexia

Answer 321

Rupture of appendix | But they can have rebound pain or tenderness

Answer 322

Colorectal adenocarcinoma

Answer 323

``` Age Family Hx of cancer Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis Familial adenomatous polyposis Diet ```

Answer 324

Vitamin A, C, E

Answer 325

Symptoms come later Bleeding** ``` Change in bowel habits Diarrhea Constipation Sense of urgency Sense of incomplete emptying PAIN is later ```

Answer 326

Surgical removal | Radio/chemotherapy

Answer 327

5 year survival rate of 90-100%

Answer 328

Metastatic | Poor prognosis

Answer 329

We are what we eat Eat a fresh healthy diet Avoid irritants

Answer 330

Do radiation to reduce the size Then surgery

Answer 331

Surgery | Then radiation therapy

Block 11 Flashcards

(385 cards)