Block 12 Week 1 + 2 + 3 ANATOMY Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

- Long thoracic nerve - Musculocutaneous nerve - Axillary nerve - Thoracodorsal nerve - Median nerve - Radial nerve - Ulnar nerve

Answer 2

Anterior upper arm: - Biceps Brachii - Coracobrachialis - Brachialis Posterior Arm: - Triceps Brachii

Answer 3

- The biceps brachii is a two-headed muscle Attachments: - Long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula - the short head originates from the coracoid process of the scapula Insertion: - Both heads insert distally into the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis. Function: - Supination of the forearm - It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder. Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve. Blood supply: Branches of brachial artery

Answer 4

- Origin: Distal half of anterior surface of humerus - Insertion: Coronoid process of the ulna; Tuberosity of ulna -Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5,C6); Radial nerve (C7) -Blood supply: Brachial artery, radial recurrent artery, (occasionally) branches from the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries -Functions: Strong flexion of forearm at the elbow joint

Answer 5

-Origin: Coracoid process of the scapula - Insertion: Anteromedial surface of the humerual shaft -Action: Adduction and flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint - Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5- C7) -Blood supply: Muscular branches of brachial artery

Answer 6

- The triceps brachii muscle consists of a long, medial and lateral head - Origins Long head - infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula -Medial head - posterior surface of the humerus (inferior to radial groove) -Lateral head - posterior surface of the humerus (superior to radial groove) -Insertion: Olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm -Action:Elbow joint: extension of the forearm -Shoulder joint: extension and adduction of the arm (long head) - Innervation: Radial nerve (C6-C8) - Blood supply: Deep brachial artery, superior ulnar collateral artery

Answer 7

- styloid process is on the lateral side

Answer 8

Head of ulna: distal end of ulna

Answer 9

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: - Function: wrist flexion and adduction (ulnar deviation) - Origin: medial epicondyle, olecranon process and posterior border of the ulna - Insertion: pisiform bone of the hand - Innervation: ulnar nerve - Arterial supply: ulnar artery

Answer 10

Palmaris longus is absent in ~15% of the population - Function: accessory wrist flexion - Origin: medial epicondyle - Insertion: into flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis via a long, thin tendon - Innervation: median nerve - Arterial supply: ulnar artery

Answer 11

Flexor Carpi Radialis: -Function: wrist flexion and abduction -Origin: medial epicondyle -Insertion: base of the metacarpals II and III -Innervation: median nerve -Arterial supply: radial artery

Answer 12

Function: pronation of the forearm Origin: Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of the humerus Ulnar head: ulnar coronoid process Insertion: lateral surface of the distal radius Innervation: median nerve Arterial supply: brachial artery

Answer 13

- Distally, flexor digitorum superficialis divides into four tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel to digits II, III, IV and V. -At the proximal phalangeal base of digits II-V, the tendon splits into two to pass laterally and then posteriorly around the tendon of flexor digitorum profundus before attaching to the lateral margins of the middle phalanx of digits II-V. Function: - flexion at the proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints Origin: - Humeroulnar head: medial epicondyle - Radial head: anterior oblique line of the radius Insertion: middle phalanx of digits II-V Innervation: median nerve Arterial supply: Medial aspect: ulnar artery Lateral aspect: radial and median arteries-

Answer 14

The flexor pollicis longus is a powerful thumb flexor that sends a LONG SINGLE TENDON through the lateral region of the carpal tunnel. Function: flexion of the thumb Origin: anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane Insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the thumb Innervation: anterior interosseous nerve (from the median nerve) Arterial supply: Proximal aspect: anterior interosseous artery Distal aspect: radial artery

Answer 15

The flexor digitorum profundus is a powerful finger and wrist flexor that is one of several crucial elements in both grip strength and performing a pincer grip. It has FOUR TENDONS that pass through the inferior region of the carpal tunnel before diverging to digits II-V, where it passes through the tunnel created by the splitting of the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis. Function: flexion of the distal and proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints Origin: anterior and medial surface of the ulna and adjacent interosseous membrane Insertion: anterior surface of the base of the distal phalanx of digits II-V Innervation: Medial aspect: ulnar nerve Lateral aspect: anterior interosseous nerve (from the median nerve) Arterial supply: ulnar and anterior interosseous arteries

Answer 16

The pronator quadratus is a flat square-shaped muscle in the distal forearm that assists and stabilises the forearm pronation produced by pronator teres. Function: pronation and stabilisation of the forearm Origin: antero-medial surface of the distal ulna Insertion: antero-lateral surface of the radius Innervation: anterior interosseous nerve (from the median nerve) Arterial supply: anterior interosseous artery

Answer 17

FDP: innervation: interosseous nerve and ulnar nerve FDS: innervation: median nerve

Answer 18

Brachioradialis produces minimal flexion at the elbow, but becomes active as a powerful elbow fixator (like when holding a box in front of you). It is most efficient in partial pronation and is the only muscle of the posterior forearm compartment that produces flexion at a joint. Brachioradialis forms the lateral boundary of the cubital fossa, and the radial nerve bifurcates before diving deep to this muscle in this region. Function: weak elbow flexion; primary elbow fixator Origin: the proximal third of the lateral supracondylar ridge Insertion: at or immediately proximal to the radial styloid process Innervation: radial nerve Arterial supply: radial recurrent

Answer 19

The extensor carpi radialis longus has a relatively short muscle belly and longer tendon. It is this long tendon, and its superficial appearance, that identifies it from the extensor carpi radialis brevis. Function: wrist extension and abduction Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge and lateral epicondyle Insertion: dorsal surface of metacarpal II Innervation: radial nerve (before bifurcating into superficial and deep branches) Arterial supply: radial recurrent artery

Answer 20

The little sibling of the extensor carpi radialis longus, the extensor carpi radialis brevis is distinguishable because of its seemingly larger muscle belly, shorter tendon, and deep appearance to the extensor carpi radialis longus. It is the last superficial muscle of the posterior forearm supplied by the radial nerve before it passes through the supinator. Function: extension and abduction of the wrist Origin: lateral epicondyle Insertion: base of metacarpals II and III Innervation: radial nerve Arterial supply: radial artery

Answer 21

The extensor digitorum is the major extensor muscle of digits II-V. This muscle arises from a very short common muscle belly that diverges into four individual muscle bellies, each giving rise to a single tendon. Each tendon inserts into the interconnected triangular aponeurosis (dorsal hood, extensor expansion) on the dorsal surface of each digit. Function: extension of digits II-V Origin: lateral epicondyle Insertion: extensor expansion of the dorsal hand Innervation: posterior interosseous nerve Arterial supply: posterior interosseous artery

Answer 22

Extensor digiti minimi is an accessory extensor of the little finger. Function: extension of digit V Origin: lateral epicondyle Insertion: extensor expansion, immediately medial to extensor digitorum Innervation: posterior interosseous nerve Arterial supply: posterior interosseous artery

Answer 23

The extensor carpi ulnaris is an important extensor and adductor of the wrist. It has a relatively short muscle belly with a long, flat tendon that converges distally into a round tendon. Function: extension and adduction of the wrist Origin: lateral epicondyle Insertion: medial aspect of the base of metacarpal V Innervation: posterior interosseous nerve Arterial supply: posterior interosseous artery

Answer 24

Named for its triangular shape, the anconeus is a small muscle that provides accessory support to other posterior forearm muscles. Function: extension; in pronation, abducts ulna Origin: lateral epicondyle Insertion: the dorsolateral surface of the olecranon process and dorsal ulna Innervation: radial nerve Arterial supply: recurrent interosseous artery

Answer 25

The supinator muscle has superficial and deep heads that help to supinate the forearm. Passing between these two heads is the deep branch of the radial nerve. As the superficial head forms the ‘roof’ of this tunnel, it is termed the Arcade of Frohse. Function: supination of the forearm Origin: Superficial head: lateral epicondyle Deep head: supinator crest (dorsolateral ulna) Insertion: proximal lateral radius, at or superior to the oblique line Innervation: deep branch of the radial nerve Arterial supply: radial recurrent artery

Answer 26

The supinator muscle has superficial and deep heads that help to supinate the forearm. Passing between these two heads is the deep branch of the radial nerve. As the superficial head forms the ‘roof’ of this tunnel, it is termed the Arcade of Frohse.

Answer 27

The abductor pollicis longus not only contributes to thumb abduction between metacarpal I and the (os) trapezium, but assists in the abduction of the wrist, too. The abductor pollicis longus assists the extensor pollicis brevis in forming the inferior margin of the anatomical snuffbox. Function: abduction of the thumb (and assists in abduction at the wrist) Origin: proximal dorsal radius, ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: lateral aspect of metacarpal I Innervation: posterior interosseous nerve Arterial supply: Proximal aspect: posterior interosseous artery Distal aspect: anterior interosseous artery

Answer 28

Extensor pollicis brevis is the little sibling to extensor pollicis longus. The extensor pollicis brevis takes a short-cut to reach the thumb; extensor pollicis longus takes the long way to the thumb, passing through the extensor retinaculum. The extensor pollicis brevis assists the abductor pollicis longus in forming the inferior margin of the anatomical snuffbox. Function: extension of the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of digit I (assists abduction of the wrist) Origin: dorsal radius, ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of digit I Innervation: posterior interosseous nerve Arterial supply: posterior interosseous artery

Answer 29

The extensor pollicis longus takes a longer course to reach the thumb than its little sibling extensor pollicis brevis. The extensor pollicis longus passes around the dorsal radial tubercle (Lister’s tubercle) before coursing to the thumb. The extensor pollicis longus forms the superior border of the anatomical snuff box. Function: extension of the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of digit I (assists abduction of the wrist) Origin: dorsal ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of digit I Innervation: posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial) Arterial supply: posterior interosseous artery

Answer 30

The extensor indicis is an accessory extensor of the index finger, allowing the index finger finer, more dexterous movement. Function: mainly extension of digit II at the metacarpophalangeal joint Origin: dorsal ulna Insertion: extensor expansion of digit II (adjacent to the digit II tendon of extensor digitorum) Innervation: posterior interosseous nerve Arterial supply: Proximal aspect: posterior interosseous artery Distal aspect: anterior interosseous artery

Answer 31

Function: extension of the hip, assists in external rotation, abduction (superior fibres) and adduction (inferior fibres) Origin: dorsal aspects of the ilium, sacrum and coccyx Insertion: iliotibial band and gluteal tuberosity of the dorsal femur Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Answer 32

Function: abduction of the hip joint Origin: gluteal fossa of the ilium Insertion: lateral aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur Innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Answer 33

Function: flexion, medial rotation and abduction of the hip, stabilisation of the knee via the iliotibial band Origin: iliac crest between the anterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest tuberculum Insertion: anterior aspect of the iliotibial tract Innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

Answer 34

- Piriformis - Superior and inferior gemelli - Obturator Internus - Quadratus Femoris

Answer 35

- Iliacus - Psoas major - Rectus femoris - Vastus lateralis - Vastus Intermedius - Vastus Medialis - Rectus femoris - Sartorius - Pectineus (9)

Answer 36

Vastus Intermedius

Answer 37

- Flat quadrangle shaped muscle Action: Adduction and flexion at the hip joint Innervated: femoral nerve

Answer 38

- Obturator Externus - Adductor brevis - Adductor longus - Adductor magnus

Answer 39

- Biceps femoris - semitendinosus - Semimembranosus

Answer 40

Origin: Long head: ischial tuberosity Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of the femur Inserts: - Lateral aspect of fibular head Function: - flexion of the knee and extension at the hip Innervation: - Long head: tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5-S2) - Short head: common peroneal division of the sciatic nerve

Answer 41

Origin: - Ischial tuberosity Insertion: - Proximal end of tibia below medial condyle (via pes anserinus) Action: - Hip joint: Thigh extension, thigh internal rotation, stabilizes pelvis. - Knee joint: Leg flexion, leg internal rotation. Innervated: - Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)

Answer 42

- Ischial tuberosity is the insertion point for hamstrings

Answer 43

Origin: -Superolateral impression of ischial tuberosity Insertion: -Medial condyle of tibia Action: - Hip joint: thigh extension and internal rotation Knee joint: flexion and internal rotation of the leg Stabilizes pelvis Innervation: - Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5 – S2)

Answer 44

- Tibialis anterior - Extensor Digitorium longus - Extensor hallucis longus - Fibularis tertias Some texts may consider extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius to be the same muscle and therefore only refer to three muscles in the anterior compartment

Answer 45

Origin: lateral surface of the tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane Insertion: medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal Action: dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot as well as supporting the medial arch of the foot Innervation: deep fibular nerve (a terminal branch of the common fibular nerve) Blood supply: anterior tibial artery

Answer 46

Origin: medial surface of fibula and adjacent surface of the interosseous membrane Insertion: base of distal phalanx of the great toe Action: extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion foot Innervation: deep fibular nerve (a terminal branch of the common fibular nerve) Blood supply: anterior tibial artery Found between TA and EDL

Answer 47

Origin: lateral condyle of the tibia and medial surface of the fibula Insertion: middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four toes Action: extension of the lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of the foot Innervation: deep fibular nerve (a terminal branch of the common fibular nerve) Blood supply: anterior tibial artery

Answer 48

Origin: medial surface of the fibula Insertion: the fifth metatarsal Action: dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot Innervation: deep fibular nerve (a terminal branch of the common fibular nerve) Blood supply: anterior tibial artery

Answer 49

- Gastrocnemius - Soleus - Plantaris All three of the superficial muscles insert into the calcaneus (heel) via the calcaneal tendon, the most powerful tendon in the body.

Answer 50

Gastrocnemius is the most superficial muscle within the posterior compartment and originates from its two heads, the medial and lateral head. Origin: Medial head: medial femoral condyle Lateral head: lateral femoral condyle Insertion: posterior surface of the calcaneus (via calcaneal tendon) Action: plantarflexes foot and flexes knee Innervation: tibial nerve Blood supply: sural arteries (branches from the popliteal artery)

Answer 51

Origin: soleal line and medial border of tibia; posterior fibular head; and tendinous arch between tibial and fibular attachments Insertion: posterior surface of the calcaneus (via calcaneal tendon) Action: plantarflexes foot Innervation: tibial nerve Blood supply: posterior tibial, fibular and sural arteries (branches from the popliteal artery)

Answer 52

Plantaris is a small muscle with a short belly and a long tendon which joins the calcaneal tendon distally Origin: inferior part of the lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament of knee Insertion: posterior surface of the calcaneus (via calcaneal tendon) Action: plantarflexes foot and flexes knee Innervation: tibial nerve Blood supply: sural arteries (branches from the popliteal artery)

Answer 53

- Popliteus - Tibialis Posterior - Flexor Digitorium longus - Flexor Hallucis longus

Answer 54

Popliteus is a flat triangular-shaped muscle that forms part of the floor of the popliteal fossa. The main function of popliteus is to unlock the knee. It does this by rotating the femur laterally 5o to release the knee from its locked position allowing flexion to occur. Origin: lateral femoral condyle and lateral meniscus Insertion: posterior surface of the proximal tibia Action: unlocks the knee joint by laterally rotating the femur on the fixed tibia as well as stabilising the knee joint Innervation: tibial nerve Blood supply: genicular branches from the popliteal artery

Answer 55

deepest muscle in the posterior compartment. Whilst this muscle is involved with inversion and plantarflexion of the foot, its main function is to support the medial arch of the foot. To test tibialis posterior, invert the foot against resistance in slight plantarflexion. If normal, the tendon should be visible and can be palpated posterior to the medial malleolus. Origin: interosseous membrane and posterior surfaces of the tibia and fibula Insertion: tuberosity of navicular and adjacent region of the medial cuneiform Action: inversion and plantarflexion of the foot. Supports the medial arch of the foot during walking. Innervation: tibial nerve Blood supply: posterior tibial artery

Answer 56

Flexor digitorum longus begins on the medial side of the posterior compartment and descends down the leg where its tendon enters the sole of foot to insert on the distal phalanges of the lateral four toes. The muscle is involved with gripping the ground during walking by flexing the lateral four toes. Origin: medial side of the posterior surface of the tibia Insertion: bases of distal phalanges of lateral four toes Action: flexes lateral four toes Innervation: tibial nerve Blood supply: posterior tibial artery

Answer 57

Flexor hallucis longus Flexor hallucis longus’ main role is to flex the great toe. It originates on the lateral side of the posterior compartment and its tendon curves under the talus bone in the foot to insert into the distal phalanx of the great toe. Origin: posterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion: base of distal phalanx of the great toe Action: flexes the great toe Innervation: tibial nerve Blood supply: posterior tibial and fibular artery

Answer 58

There are only two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg: fibularis longus and fibularis brevis. You may also see these muscles referred to as peroneal longus and peroneal brevis. The word peroneal means “relating to the outer side of the leg” and is used interchangeably with fibular or fibularis. The same occurs for the common fibular nerve or common peroneal nerve. Both muscles evert the foot and are innervated by a branch of the common fibular nerve, the superficial fibular nerve.

Answer 59

Origin: the head and upper lateral surface of the fibula Insertion: distal end of medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal Action: eversion and plantarflexion of the foot. Provides support to the lateral and transverse arches of the foot. Innervation: superficial fibular nerve (a branch of the common fibular nerve) Blood supply: fibular artery

Answer 60

Origin: lateral surface of the shaft of the fibula Insertion: lateral tubercle at the base of the fifth metatarsal Action: eversion of the foot Innervation: superficial fibular nerve (a branch of the common fibular nerve) Blood supply: fibular artery

Answer 61

- The femoral artery runs in the middle of the femoral triangle. It supplies the anterior and anteromedial aspects of the thigh. - The profunda femoris artery is the largest branch of the femoral artery. This vessel is also known as the deep artery of the thigh and has three main branches: - Medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) - Lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) - Perforating branches: three to four arteries supplying the posterior and anterolateral muscles of the thigh (adductor magnus, hamstrings, vastus lateralis). They run laterally across the muscles. Note that the profunda femoris artery never leaves the thigh.

Answer 62

Arteries of the hip The hip joint is supplied mainly by the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries arising from the profunda femoris artery. The ascending and transverse branches of LCFA and MCFA anastomose wrapping around the proximal part of the femur. The retinacular branches arise from that anastomosis, supplying the neck. There is a small contribution from the superior and inferior gluteal arteries. The head of the femur is additionally supplied by the foveal artery, which originates from the obturator artery. The foveal artery runs in the ligamentum teres of the acetabulum.

Answer 63

Blood Supply: Femoral artery and lateral femoral circumflex artery

Answer 64

Blood supply: Lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery.

Answer 65

Blood supply: Iliolumbar, deep circumflex iliac, obturator, and femoral arteries.

Answer 66

Femoral artery and deep femoral artery and descending genicular artery

Answer 67

Blood Supply: Artery to quadriceps, deep femoral arteries

Answer 68

Blood supply: Lateral circumflex femoral artery.

Answer 69

Blood Supply: Femoral artery.

Answer 70

Blood supply: Medial circumflex femoral artery, femoral artery and obturator artery

Answer 71

Blood Supply: Obturator artery.

Answer 72

Blood Supply: Obturator artery.

Answer 73

Blood Supply: Obturator artery, profunda femoris artery and medial circumflex femoral artery

Answer 74

Blood Supply: Obturator artery and medial circumflex femoral artery.

Answer 75

Blood Supply: Medial circumflex femoral artery

Answer 76

Superior and inferior gluteal artery

Answer 77

Obturator artery

Answer 78

Inferior gluteal artery

Answer 79

Inferior gluteal artery and medial circumflex femoral artery

Answer 80

This is the radial collateral ligament of the wrist, a longitudinal, fanning ligament that connects the styloid process of the radius with the scaphoid bone. This ligament assists in the stabilization of the wrist joint.

Answer 81

This is the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist, a longitudinal ligament that connects the styloid process of the ulna with the triquetrum bone. It is a component of the triangular fibrocartilage complex and assists in wrist stabilization.

Block 12 Week 1 + 2 + 3 ANATOMY Flashcards

(154 cards)