Block 2 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Who first separated pharmacy and medicine, and in what year?
A
Frederick II (emperor of Germany, king of Sicily), 1240 ad
2
Q
The owner of a pharmacy used to be called a ______.
A
druggist
3
Q
What does NARD stand for, and what has the name been changed to?
A
national association of retail druggists, now national community pharmacists association (NCPA)
4
Q
When did pharmacy chains first get started?
A
early 1900s
5
Q
What was the first pharmacy chain store and where did it start?
A
Walgreens in Chicago
6
Q
In what decade did the clinical pharmacy movement begin (away from so much chemistry/biology focus)?
A
1970s
7
Q
Which act put the requirement in place that at dispensing pharmacists must offer to talk to patients about their medicines?
A
OBRA (omnibus budget reconciliation act)
8
Q
What does OBRA stand for and in what year was it put in place?
A
omnibus budget reconciliation act, 1990
9
Q
What year did Medicare/Medicaid start in the US?
A
1965
10
Q
What are the three kinds of physicians?
A
allopathic, homeopathic, osteopathic
11
Q
What characterizes an allopathic doctor?
A
believes all kinds of things cause disease (MD)
12
Q
What characterizes an osteopathic doctor?
A
believes root cause of disease is in bones (DO)
13
Q
What characterizes a homeopathic doctor?
A
believes if you feel sick it’s because you’re not sick enough for your body’s homeostatic mechanisms to kick in, will make you sicker
14
Q
When and where was the first college of pharmacy founded?
A
1821, Philadelphia (philadelphia college of pharmacy)
15
Q
Where is the second oldest college of pharmacy?
A
boston
16
Q
Which report encouraged the movement from for-profit physician education to university standing physician education?
A
Flexner Report
17
Q
When and by whom was the Flexner Report written?
A
1910, by Abraham Flexner (from louisville, ky)
18
Q
Which document recommended that pharmacy school should be 6 years long (2 yrs undergrad, 4 yrs professional)?
A
Elliot Survey
19
Q
When did the Elliot Survey come out?
A
1949
20
Q
What were the only two universities to adopt the 6yr recommendation of the Elliot Survey at first?
A
University of Southern California, University of San Francisco
21
Q
Which commission took place during the “rise of the consumer movement” and looked at expanding the pharmacy curriculum?
A
Millis Commission
22
Q
What year was the Millis Commission?
A
1975
23
Q
What are the three “tiers” of pharmacy knowledge?
A
core knowledge, specialty knowledge in pharmacy, knowledge from other fields that can be applied to pharmacy
24
Q
The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education is now known as…
A
accredidation council for pharmaceutical education (ACPE)
25
In what decade did the ACPE announce that in the near future only doctor of pharmacy programs (not B.S. programs) would be accredited?
1980s
26
In what decade did the APhA and other associations agree to support the 6yr pharmacy program?
1990s
27
Is a residency a degree program?
no
28
What does PGY1 stand for?
post-graduate year 1
29
What is the difference between a residency and fellowship?
fellowship more research-oriented (residency more practice-oriented)
30
What does it mean to be "board-eligible?"
you can take the board exam but have not done so yet (or took it and didn't pass)
31
What are two examples of Rx-to-OTC drugs?
tinactin (foot cream), afrin (nasal spray)
32
What are anti-substitution laws?
state laws that said pharmacists had to dispense the exact brand written by prescriber (even if less expensive product available)
33
In what year did APhA hold a debate on whether to support repeal of anti-substitution laws (pharmacy students very vocal)?
1969
34
What was the first state to revise its anti-substitution laws?
KY
35
In what year was which state the last to repeal its anti-substitution laws, and why?
1983, Indiana, because of the Eli Lilly manufacturer
36
How long does a prescription product patent technically last? Why does it practically only act for about 5 years?
technically lasts 20 years, but starts from the time product invented, not when it's approved (so really only about 5 years)
37
What do you call pharmacists who serve in long-term care?
consultant pharmacists
38
What is Dr. Jeff Carrico involved in?
investigational drug research
39
Who makes up the board of pharmacy usually?
5 pharmacists, 1 consumer
40
Who sends people to inspect pharmacies?
board of pharmacy
41
What does DEA stand for?
drug enforcement administration
42
If a drug is made solely in 1 state, could you argue the FDA does not have jurisdiction over it?
yes
43
What is an example of when a company (in 1970s) tried to circumvent FDA authority over drugs?
in Georgia, Laetrile (touted as anti-cancer drug) came from peach pits so georgia claimed FDA had no authority (however, didn't use packaging, labels, cotton, etc made in georgia so FDA had authority)
44
The FDA has jurisdiction over about what percentage of commerce?
40%
45
Manufacturing across state lines is under _____ regulation, while professional pharmacy is under _____ regulation.
federal (FDA) and state
46
What is "scope of practice?"
the range of activities a professional is allowed to do
47
Between psychiatrists and psychologists, which have an MD?
psychiatrists
48
Between ophthalmologists and optometrists, which have an MD?
ophthalmologists
49
PharmD =
doctor of pharmacy
50
JD =
doctor of law
51
DDS =
doctor of dental surgery
52
DMD =
doctor of dental medicine
53
DVM/VMD =
doctor of veterinary medicine
54
DPM =
doctor of podiatric medicine
55
DNP =
doctor of nursing practice
56
NP
naturopathic physician
57
How many states license naturopathic physicians?
8
58
DC =
doctor of chiropractic
59
Can chiropractic doctors prescribe?
no
60
PhD =
doctor of philosophy
61
DBA =
doctor of business administration
62
EdD =
doctor of education
63
What are two examples of honorary degrees?
DLH (literature), DHL (doctor of humane letters)
64
DSC =
doctor of surgical chiropody (old designation)
65
DSc =
doctor of science (not given much now)
66
What is the only thing naturopathic physicians can prescribe?
herbs
67
PA-C =
physicians assistant, certified
68
APRN =
advanced practice registered nurse
69
Nurse practicioners (APRNs) are only allowed to prescribe ____ days of medicine
3
70
______ is a pharmacist's degree, ____ indicates licensure.
PharmD and RPh
71
RPh =
registered pharmacist
72
What are the two states that use DPh (doctor of pharmacy) as an indication of licensure?
arkansas, tennessee
73
Which state uses RP (registered pharmacist) as indication of licensure?
New Jersey
74
What is the basis for how medicare reimburses hospitals for care?
DRGs (diagnosis related groups)
75
In what situation will a hospital not receive ANY reimbursement for care from medicare?
if the patient leaves the hospital and is readmitted within thirty days (no reimbursement includes first stay)
76
PhD =
doctor of philosophy
77
MPA =
master of public administration
78
MPH =
master of public health
79
BPS =
board of pharmacy specialties
80
BCOP =
board certified oncological pharmacist
81
BCACP =
board certified ambulatory care pharmacist
82
CDM =
certified disease management
83
Pain management is a subspecialty of which physician specialization?
anesthesiology
84
What is one of the most sought after medicine specializations today (because not on call, etc.)?
dermatology
85
In what situation might you be able to practice pharmacy in a state where you are not licensed there?
when you practice on federal land (at the VA, military bases, etc.)
86
CRNA =
certified registered nurse anestheticists
87
Physicians in _________ used to be known as general practicioners.
family medicine
88
What is the broadest category of medicine?
internal medicine
89
Who commonly runs dialysis clinics?
nephrologists
90
Many doctors in obstetrics (babies) also do what?
gynecology
91
What does occupational medicine deal with?
workplace hazards
92
_______ primarily work in a lab, help with diagnoses (the doctor's doctor).
pathologists
93
What does a physiatrist deal with?
those with physical injuries (like people going through PT)
94
Are most physicians who work in hospitals employees of the hospital?
no
95
What is the role of hospitalists?
physician employees of the hospital, hired to be there at night to take care of issues that arise
96
A hospital in ______ has a pharmacist in the sports medicine clinic.
knoxville
97
Otorhinolaryngology deals with...
ear, nose, throat
98
Orthopaedic surgery deals with...
movement
99
What are the four specializations that make up primary care?
pediatrics, OB/GYN, internal medicine, family medicine
100
Who ultimately decides which doctors to hire (give privileges to)?
hospital board of trustees
101
_____ laws set the pharmacy scope of practice
state
102
Who accredits hospital and ambulatory care facilities?
the joint commission (formerly joint commission on accredidation of health care organizations)
103
USP =
united states pharmacopoeia
104
NF =
national formulary
105
Which is considered a drug: deoderant or antiperspirant? Why?
antiperspirant, because it affects the structure/function of body (stopping sweating)
106
API =
active pharmaceutical ingredient
107
What are three characteristics that will lead to a drug being labeled as prescription?
if habit-forming, toxicity/potential for harmful effects/method of use not safe for use except under doctor supervision, limited by approved new drug application (NDA)
108
What is one of the only non-prescription injectables?
insulin
109
IND =
investigational new drug
110
______ deals primarily with labeling errors, while ______ relates to errors in the composition of the drug.
misbranding and adulteration
111
When was the first federal statute dealing with drug quality/purity passed?
1848 (because of problems with quinine purity in malaria trtment)
112
When was the Pure Food and Drug Act enacted?
1906
113
Which book by upton sinclair helped spur the passage of the pure food and drug act?
the jungle
114
When did Congress pass a statute that a product must be safe before it is marketed?
1938
115
What helped spur the safety statute of 1938?
the use of diethylene glycol to dissolve drug (diethylene glycol poisonous, kills liver)
116
Thalidomide was never approved in the US thanks to who?
Frances Kelsey
117
When did Congress pass a statute saying drug product must be effective as well as safe?
1962 (after thalidomide incidents)
118
When was the Durham-Humphrey Amendment passed and what did it do?
1951, split drugs into OTC and Rx categories
119
APHA =
american public health association
120
APhA =
american pharmacists association
121
What is the purpose of the OTC drug review?
to review for safety and efficacy all the drugs that were grandfathered in under earlier statutes
122
OTC drug products were divided into ____ different therapeutic classes for the drug review, based on ____ active ingredients.
80 and 800
123
______ in Michigan is a company that commonly makes generic brand products for chain stores.
Parago
124
Does FDA have authority to issue a recall?
no
125
Who regulates OTC advertisements?
FTC (federal trade commission)
126
Prescription drugs used to be known as _________ drugs.
federal legend
127
What legislation established standards for closure (child-resistant caps)?
poison prevention packaging act (1970)
128
What dosage forms does the poison prevention packaging act cover?
all oral prescription dosage forms
129
What are two examples of OTC drugs that are required to be in child-resistant packaging?
iron, aspirin
130
Which drugs are exempt from the standards for closure?
drugs that pt needs immediate access to (nitroglycerin, etc.)
131
_____ can do a blanket request for standard (easy open) packaging for all medications, but _______ must request it on a case by case basis.
patients and prescribers
132
Which act required a barrier to indicate tampering and a warning about tampering on the label?
Federal Anti-Tampering Act (because of tylenol cyanide incidents in 1980s)
133
Dietary supplements are classified as ____, not drugs, and so can be marketed without FDA approval.
foods
134
What did the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Acto of 1994 establish?
dietary supplements can include "statements of nutritional support" on label (but not therapeutic claims)
135
FDA =
food and drug administration
136
What word is used to describe the process of transferring a prescription?
reciprocity
