Block 2 Flashcards
(426 cards)
1
Q
Major Category of Disease: Infectious
A
Caused by harmful microorganisms and other parasites including virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and worms
2
Q
Major Category of Disease: Degenerative
A
Results from wear and tear, aging, trauma
3
Q
Pathogen
A
Disease causing organism
4
Q
Lesion
A
wound
5
Q
Necrosis
A
Death of tissue
6
Q
Major Category of Disease: Neoplasia
A
Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue
7
Q
Major Category of Disease: Immune Disorders
A
Failures of immune system e.g. allergies, and autoimmune diseases
8
Q
Major Category of Disease: metabolic
A
Results from a lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions
9
Q
Malnutrition
A
Inadequate intake of nutrients or inability of body to absorb and use nutrients
10
Q
Major Category of Disease: Hormonal
A
Underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by inability of hormones to work properly
11
Q
Major Category of Disease: Mental and Emotional
A
Affect the mind and adoption of an individual to environment
12
Q
Etiology
A
cause of a disease
13
Q
Acute
A
Disease: sudden, sever, short duration
14
Q
Chronic
A
Long duration, progresses slowly
15
Q
Emergency Medical Technician
A
EMT: Health profession that deals with the immediate effects of acute disease
16
Q
Lyme disease
A
tick borne bacterial disease
17
Q
West Nile Disease
A
Mosquito borne viral disease
18
Q
Rift Valley Fever
A
viral disease from domestic animals for places in Africa
19
Q
Hantavirus Fever
A
viral disease; named for a river in Korea
20
Q
Japanese Encephalitis
A
viral infection
21
Q
Cooley anemia
A
inherited blood disease; Thalassemia
22
Q
Crohn’s Disease
A
inflammatory bowl disease
23
Q
Hodgkin’s disease
A
pertains to lymphatic system
24
Q
Tuberculosis
A
small lesions known as tubercles in the lungs and other tissues
25
Skin Anthrax
black lesions
26
Sickle cell anemia
RBC becomes distorted into crescent or sickle shape
27
Bubonic Plague
causes painful and enlarged lymph nodes called buboes
28
Lupus erythematosis
a systemic autoimmune disorder,
29
Yellow fever, scarlet fever and rubella
named for colour of the pathology of the diseases
30
Sepsis
Presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the body
31
cocci
Round bacteria, may be in pairs (diplococci), clusters (staphylococci) or chains (streptococci)
32
Bacilli
Rod-shaped bacteria
33
vibrios
Short curved shape bacteria
34
spirochetes
Cork-screw shaped bacteria that move in a twisting motion
35
chlamydia
Super small bacteria that grow in living cells
36
rickettsia
Super small bacteria that grow in living cells
37
Viruses
Infectious agents that can live and reproduce only within host
38
fungi
nongreen plants
39
protozoa
Single celled animals
40
helminths
worms
41
gram positive
stain purple
42
Gram negative
Stain red
43
Inflammation signs
Heat, pain, swelling, redness
44
-itis
Refers to inflammation
45
edema
Swelling or accumulation of fluid in tissues
46
Innate immunity
Doesn't require prior exposure,
47
Adaptive/acquired immunity
Due to previous exposure, specific for a particular disease
48
Neoplasm
Abnormal or uncontrolled growth of tissue
49
Benign neoplasm
Doesn't metastasize to other tissues, but can cause damage to other tissues at the site it's at
50
Malignant neoplasm
Metastasize to other tissues
51
carcinoma
Malignant tumor that involves epithelial tissue
52
adenocarcinoma
Tumor in glandular epithelium
53
melanoma
Cancer of pigmented epithelial cells
54
sarcoma
neoplasm that involves connective tissue or muscle
55
Capsule
Covers the tumor cells
56
Invasion
Intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues
57
infiltration
Diffusion or accumulation of substances which isn't normal to it or in excess amounts
58
differentiation
Process by which a less specialized cell becomes more specialized
59
metastasis
Spread from one to another organ/ tissue
60
cyst
A fluid filled sac or pouch that is usually abnormal
61
hernia
Profusion of an organ through an abnormal opening; a rupture
62
phagocytosis
Ingestion of organisms; where organism is then destroyed by phagocytic cell
63
prolapse
A dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part; ptosis
64
pus
A product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells
65
toxin
poison
66
Root: alg/o
pain
67
Root: algi/o or algesi/o
pain
68
Root: Cardin/o
Cancer, carcinoma
69
Root: cyst/o, cyst/i
tomorFilled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder
70
Root: lith
Calculus, stone
71
Root: onco
tumor
72
Root: patho
disease
73
Root: py/o
pus
74
Root: pro, pyreto
Fever, fire
75
Root: sclero
hard
76
Root: toxo, toxico
poison
77
Prefix: brady
slow
78
Prefix: dys
Abnormal, painful, difficult
79
Prefix: mal
Bad, poor
80
Prefix: pachy
thick
81
Prefix: tachy
rapid
82
Prefix: xero
dry
83
Suffix: dilation, dilatation
Expansion, widening
84
Suffix: ectasia, ectasis
Dilation, dilatation, distension
85
Suffix: edema
Accumulation of fluid, swelling
86
Suffix: lysis
Separation, loosening, dissolving, destruction
87
Suffix: malacia
softening
88
Suffix: necrosis
Death of tissue
89
Suffix: ptosis
Dropping or downward displacement, prolapse
90
Suffix: sclerosis
hardening
91
Suffix: spasm
Sudden contraction, cramp
92
Suffix: stasis
Suppression, stoppage
93
Suffix: stenosis
Narrowing, constriction
94
Suffix: toxin
Poison
95
Prefix: staphylo
Grape-like cluster
96
Prefix: strepto
Twisted chain
97
Roots: Baillie, bacillo
bacillus
98
Roots: bacterio
bacterium
99
Root: myco
Fungus, mold
100
Root: viro
virus
101
AFS
Acid fast stain - used to identify tuberculosis
102
Communicable
Capable of passin from one person to another
103
endemic
Occurs at a low level but continuously in a given region
104
epidemic
Affects many people in a given region at the same time
105
exacerbation
Worsening of disease; increase in severity of disease or symptoms
106
iatrogenic
Caused by effects of treatment
107
idiopathic
No known cause
108
In situ
Localized, noninvasive
109
Normal flora
Harmless Microorganisms that live on or in body
110
nosocomial
Describes infection acquired in a hospital
111
opportunistic
Describes an infection that occurs because host's poor or altered condition
112
Pandemic
Disease is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world
113
Remission
Lessening of disease symptoms
114
septicemia
Presence of pathogenic bacteria in blood
115
systemic
Pertaining to whole body
116
abscess
Localized collection of pus
117
Adhesion
Uniting of 2 surfaces
118
anaplasia
Lack of tissue or cell formation, or growth
119
ascites
Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity
120
cellulitis
Spreading inflammation of tissue
121
effusion
Escape of fluid into cavity or other body part
122
exudate
material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury
123
fissure
groove or split
124
fistula
Abnormal passage between 2 organs from an organ to the surface of the body
125
gangrene
Death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply
126
hyperplasia
Excessive growth of normal cells
127
hypertrophy
Increase in size of an organ
128
induration
Hardening; an abnormally hard spot or place
129
metaplasia
Conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue
130
polyp
Tumor attached by a thin stalk
131
purulent
Forming or containing pus
132
suppuration
Pus formation
133
CA
cancer
134
CIS
Carcinoma in situ
135
FUO
Fever of unknown origin
136
PUO
pyrexia of unknown origin
137
MRSA
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
138
staph
staphylococcus
139
strep
streptococcus
140
VRSA
vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus
141
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
142
Symptoms
Evidence of disease
143
physical examination
review of all systems and observations of any signs of illness
144
ascultation
listening to body sounds with a stethoscope
145
VS
Vital signs
146
T
temperature
147
R
respiration rate; breaths per minute
148
ophthalmoscope
examination of eyes
149
otoscope
examination of ears
150
biopsy
removal of tissue for microscopic examination
151
CLAMP
instrument used to compress tissue
152
curret/ currette
spoon shaped for removing mateerial from the wall of a cavity or other surface
153
elevator
for lifting tissue or bone
154
frcepts
for holding or extracting
155
hemostat
small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel
156
retractor
used to maintain exposure by separating a wound and holding back organs or tissues
157
trocar
sharp pointed instrument used to puncture a cavity
158
cautery
Destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as a harmful chemical, heat, or electric current (electrocautery); cauterization
159
endoscope
an instrument for examining the inside of an organ or cavity through a body opening or small incision
160
excision
removal by cutting
161
fixation
holding or fastening a structure in a fixed position
162
grading
method for evaluating tumor based on microscopic examination of cells
163
immunotherapy
treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of immune system
164
Radiography
: Use of x-rays passed through the body to make a visual record (radiograph) of internal structures on specially sensitized film; roentgenography
165
Resection
surgically removing part or all of a tissue, structure or organ. One very common type of resection is a small bowel resection, a procedure where one or more segments of the small intestine is removed.
166
Reduction
procedure to restore a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment
167
Sphygmomanometer:
The blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff
168
Staging
The process of classifying malignant tumors for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
169
Root: aer/o
air, gas
170
Root: baro
pressure
171
Root: chromo
colour
172
Root: chrono
time
173
Root: cyro
cold
174
Root: electro
electricity
175
Root: ergo
work
176
Root: phono
sound, voice
177
Root: photo
light
178
Root: radio
radiation, xray
179
Root: sono
sound
180
Root: thermo
heat, tmperature
181
Suffix: graph
instrument for recording data
182
Suffix: graphy
act of recording data
183
Suffix: gram
record of data
184
Suffix: meter
instrument for measuring
185
Suffix: metry
measurement of
186
Suffix: scope
instrument to view or examine
187
Suffix: scopy
examination of
188
Suffix: centesis
puncture or tap
189
Suffix: desis
binding or fusion
190
Suffix: ectomy
excision, surgical removal
191
Suffix: pexy
surgical fixation
192
Suffix: plasty
plastic repair or plastic surgery or reconstruction
193
Suffix: rhaphy
surgical repair or suture
194
Suffix: stomy
surgical creation of an opening
195
Suffix: tome
instrument for incising
196
Suffix: tomy
incision or cuttin
197
Suffix: tripsy
crushing
198
clubbing
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes because of soft- tissue growth of the nails
199
colic
Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth-muscle spasm
200
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
201
Diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
202
Malaise
A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection
203
Prodrome
A symptom indicating an approaching disease
204
Sequela
A lasting effect of a disease (plural, sequelae)
205
Syncope
A temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting
206
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
A fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer
207
Bruit
An abnormal sound
208
Facies
appearance of face
209
febrile
pertaining to fever
210
Radionuclide
substance that gives off radiation; used for diagnosis and treatment; also called radioisotope
211
Speculum
An instrument for examining a canal
212
Clysis
introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally, as into the rectum or abdominal cavity; also refers to the solution thus used
213
Irrigation
Flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid
214
Normal saline solution
salt (NaCl) solution compatible with living cells; also called physiologic saline solution (PSS)
215
Paracentesis
Puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid
216
ascites
fluid buildup in a cavity
217
Prophylaxis
Prevention of disease
218
AD
Activities of daily living
219
CC
Chief complaint
220
c/o
complains of
221
EOMI
Extraocular muscles intact
222
heent
Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
223
h/o
history of
224
H&p
History and physical
225
HPI
history of present illness
226
hx
history
227
i&O
intake and output
228
IPPA
Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
229
IVDA
Intravenous drug abuse
230
NAD
no apparent distrss
231
NKDA
No known drug allergies
232
P
pulse
233
Pe
physical examination
234
PE(R)RLA
pupils equal (regular) to light and accomadation
235
PMH
past medical history
236
pt
patient
237
r
respiration
238
R/O
Rule out
239
ROS
review of systems
240
S/p
Status post
241
T
temperature
242
TPR
Temperature,pulse, respiration
243
VS
Vital signs
244
WD
Well developed
245
WNL
within normal limits
246
w/o
without
247
ABC
Aspiration, biopsy, cytology
248
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
249
bs
bowel sounds
250
bx
biopsy
251
cam
complimentary and alternative medicine
252
Ci
currie, unit of radiation
253
C &s
culture and drug sensitivity (of bacteria)
254
ct
computed tomography
255
d/c, dc
discharge
256
Dx
diagnosis
257
EBL
estimated blood loss
258
I & d
Incision and drainage
259
MET
metastasis
260
NCCAM
national center for complementary and alternative medicine
261
NS, N/S
normals saline
262
NSS
normal saline solution
263
PCA
patient controlled analgsia
264
PICC
peripherally inserted central catheter
265
PSS
physiological saline solution
266
RATx
Radiation therapy
267
Rx
drug, prescription, therapy
268
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
269
TNM
primary tumor, regional lymph nodes, distant metastasis
270
AP
anteroposterior
271
LL
left lateral
272
pa
posteranterior
273
RL
right lateral
274
AMA
against medical advice
275
AMB
amulatory
276
BRP
bathroom privileges
277
CBR
complete bed rest
278
KVO
keep vein open
279
NPO
nothing by mouth
280
OOB
out of bed
281
QNS
quantity not sufficient
282
QS
Quantity suficient
283
STAT
Immediately
284
TKO
to keep open
285
St John's Wart
depression, mood, stabalization
286
Ginko
memory improvement
287
Kava
anxiety
288
Ginseng
athletic and sexual performance, immunity booster
289
anaphylaxis
extreme allergic reaction
290
contraindiction
a factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous
291
antagonist
substance that interferes with or opposes the actions of a drug
292
efficacy
power to produce a specific result
293
phytomedicine
another name for herbal medicine
294
potentiation
increased potency created by 2 drugs acting together
295
substance dependence
condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, where the person has a chronic and compulsive need for a drug regardless of the effects
296
synergy
combined action of 2 or more drugs working together
297
suffix: lytic
dissolving, reducing, loosening
298
suffix: mimetic
mimicking, stimulating
299
suffix: tropic
acting on
300
prefix: anti
against
301
prefix: contra
against, oppose
302
prefix: counter
oppose, against
303
root: algo, algio, algesio
pain
304
root: chemo
chemical
305
root: hypno
sleep
306
root: narco
stupor
307
root: pharm, pharmco
drug, medicine
308
root: pyro, pyreto
fever
309
Root: toxo, toxico
poison, toxin
310
Root: vaso
vessel
311
adrenergics
Mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system, which responds to stress;
Used to treat bronchospasms, allergic reactions, hypotension
312
Analgesics
Alleviate pain
313
Narcotic
Decrease pain sensation in
| CNS; chronic use may lead to physical dependence
314
Nonnarcotic
Act peripherally to inhibit prostaglandins (local hormones); they may also be antiinflammatory and antipyretic (reduce fever).
Cox-2 inhibitors limit an enzyme that causes inflammation without affecting a related enzyme that protects the stomach lining.
315
Anesthetics
Reduce or eliminate sensation
316
Anticoagulants
Prevent coagulation and formation of blood clots
317
Anticonvulsants
Suppress or reduce the number and/or intensity of seizures
318
Antiemetics
Relieve symptoms of nausea and prevent vomiting (emesis)
319
Antihistamines
Prevent responses mediated by histamine: allergic and inflammatory reactions
320
Antihypertensives
Lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, dilating vessels, or promoting excretion of water by the kidneys
321
Antiinflammatory drugs
Counteract inflammation and swelling
322
Corticosteroids
Hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland; used for allergy, respiratory, and blood diseases, injury, and malignancy;
Suppressimmune system
323
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Reduce inflammation and pain by interfering with synthesis of prostaglandins; also antipyretic
324
Antiinfective agents
Kill or prevent the growth of infectious organisms
325
Antibacterials
Effective against bacteria
326
Antifungals
Effective against fungi
327
Antiparasitics
Effective against parasites: protozoa, worms
328
Antivirals
Effective against viruses
329
Antineoplastics
Destroy cancer cells
| Hormones and hormone inhibitors also are used to slow tumor growth
330
Antiarrhythmics
Correct or prevent abnormalities of heart rhythm
331
Beta-adrenergic blockers
Inhibit sympathetic nervous system; reduce rate and force of heart contractions
332
Calcium-channel blockers
Dilate coronary arteries, slow heart rate, reduce contractions
333
Hypolipidemics
Lower cholesterol in patients with high serum levels; Also hypocholesterolemics, statins
334
Nitrates;
| antianginal agents
Dilate coronary arteries and reduce workload of heart by lowering blood pressure and reducing venous return
335
Diuretics
Promote excretion of water, sodium, and other electrolytes by the kidneys;
Used to reduce edema and blood pressure
336
Antidiarrheals
Treat or prevent diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining
337
Histamine H2 antagonists
Decrease secretion of stomach acid by interfering with the action of histamine at H2 receptors;
Used to treat ulcers and other gastrointestinal problems
338
Laxatives
```
Promote elimination from the large intestine; types include:
Stimulants
hyperosmotics (retain water)
stool softeners
bulk-forming agents
```
339
Proton-pump inhibitors
Inhibit secretion of stomach acid by blocking the transport of hydrogen ions (protons) into the stomach
340
Psychotropics
Affect the mind, altering mental activity, mental state, or behavior
341
Antianxiety agents
Reduce or dispel anxiety; tranquilizers; anxiolytic agents; benzodiazepenes
342
Antidepressants
Relieve depression by raising brain levels of neurotransmitters (chemicals active in the nervous system)
343
Antipsychotics
Act on nervous system to relieve symptoms of psychoses
344
Antitussives
Suppress coughing
345
Bronchodilators
Prevent or eliminate spasm of the bronchi (breathing tubes) by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle; used to treat asthma attacks and bronchitis
346
Expectorants
Induce productive coughing to eliminate respiratory secretions
347
Mucolytics
Loosen mucus to promote its elimination
348
Aloe
Treatment of burns and minor skin irritations
349
Black cohosh
Reduction of menopausal hot flashes
350
Chamomile
Antiinflammatory, gastrointestinal antispasmodic, sedative
351
Echinacea
May reduce severity and duration of colds; may stimulate the immune system; used topically for wound healing
352
Evening primrose oil
Source of essential fatty acids important for the health of the cardiovascular system; treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), rheumatoid arthritis, skin disorders
353
Flax
Source of fatty acids important in maintaining proper lipids (e.g., cholesterol) in the blood
354
Green tea
Antioxidant; acts against cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and skin; oral antimicrobial agent; reduces dental caries
355
Milk thistle
Protects the liver against toxins; antioxidant
356
Saw palmetto
Used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
357
Slippery elm
As lozenge for throat irritation; for gastrointestinal irritation and upset; protects irritated skin
358
Soy
Rich source of nutrients; protective estrogenic effects in menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer prevention
359
Tea tree oil
Antimicrobial; used to heal cuts, skin infections, burns
360
Valerian
Sedative; sleep aid
361
Absorption
Drug taken into the circulation through the digestive tract or by transfer across another membrane
362
Instillation
Liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the conjunctiva of the eye
363
Topical
Applied to the surface of the skin
364
Transdermal
Absorbed through the skin, as from a patch placed on the surface of the skin
365
Epidural
Injected into the space between the meninges (membranes around the spinal cord) and the spine
366
Spinal (intrathecal)
Injected through the meninges into the spinal fluid
367
elixir
A clear, pleasantly flavored and sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid intended for oral use
368
Emulsion
A mixture in which one liquid is dispersed but not dissolved in another liquid
369
Tincture (tinct)
Substance dissolved in an alcoholic solution
370
Ointment (ung)
Drug in a base that keeps it in contact with the skin
371
Capsule (cap)
Material in a gelatin container that dissolves easily in the stomach
372
Suppository (supp)
Substance mixed and molded with a base that melts easily when inserted into a body opening
373
Tablet (tab)
A solid dosage form containing a drug in a pure state or mixed with a nonactive ingredient and prepared by compression or molding; also called a pill
374
Ampule
A small sealed glass or plastic container used for sterile intravenous solutions
375
Bolus
A concentrated amount of a diagnostic or therapeutic substance given rapidly intravenously
376
APAP
Acetaminophen
377
ADH
Acute Drug Reaction
378
ASA:
American Society of Health System Pharmacists
379
CAP
capsule
380
elix
elixir
381
FDA
food and drug administration
382
INH
Isoniazid (antituberculosis drug)
383
MED(s)
Medicine(s), medication(s)
384
NSAID
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(s)
385
ods
Office of Dietary Supplements
386
OTC
over the counter
387
PDR
physicians desk reference
388
supp
Suppository
389
susp
suspension
390
tab
tablet
391
tincti
tincture
392
ung
ointment
393
USP
united states Pharmacopeia
394
a
before
395
aa
of each
396
ac
before meals
397
ad lib
as desired
398
aq
water
399
bid
twice a day
400
d/c
discontinue
401
ds
double strength
402
gt
drops
403
hs
at bedtime
404
im
intramuscular
405
iu
international unit
406
IV
intravenously
407
LA
long acting
408
mcg
microgram
409
mg
milligram
410
p
after, post
411
po
by mouth
412
pp
postprandial (after a meal)
413
prn
as needed
414
qam
every morning
415
qd
everyday
416
qh
every hour
417
q_h
every _ hours
418
qid
4 times a day
419
qod
every other day
420
s
withought
421
sa
sustained action
422
SC, SQ, subcu
subcutaneously
423
SR
sustained release
424
tid
3 times a day
425
u
unit
426
x
times
