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Anatomy Block 2 > Block 2 Anatomy Embryo GI system - Cell Bio Transduction part 1 > Flashcards

Block 2 Anatomy Embryo GI system - Cell Bio Transduction part 1 Flashcards

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Describe the morphology of the developing gut tube including the cloacal membrane, allantois and vitelline duct

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Cloaca

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  • Latin word for sewer is cloaca
  • This primitive portion of posterior hindgut receives outflow of GI tract and urogenital system
  • Urorectal septum divides cloaca into rectum and precursor of urinary bladder
  • Covered more extensively with urogenital development
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Allantois

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Allantois: duct connecting the developing bladder to the placenta so wastes can be removed

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Vitelline duct

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Vitelline duct: connection between the yolk sac and gut tube

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Origins of Different Components of Gut Tube

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Origins of Different Components of Gut Tube

  • Luminal Lining Epithelium from Endoderm
  • Resident Cells in lamina propria, submucosal CT, muscularis externa, and adventital CT from splanchnic mesoderm
  • Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus and Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus from neural crest
  • Lymphoid tissue from bone marrow (mesoderm)
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Origins of Components of Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder

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Origins of Components of Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder

  • Hepatic parenchymal cells, pancreatic acinar cells, islet tissue, luminal lining of gall bladder from endoderm
  • CT in capsules and rest of organ, blood vessels, smooth muscle in wall of gall bladder from mesoderm.
  • In liver, CT and blood vessels from septum transversum, rest from splanchnic mesoderm
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Bottom Line

  • If it is derivied from the gut tube itself, it is endoderm
  • If it is associated tissue, it is mesoderm
  • If it is neural, it is neural crest
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Divisions of Primitive Gut Tube

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Divisions of Primitive Gut Tube

  • Foregut-from buccopharyngeal membrane to anterior intestinal portal
  • Midgut-from anterior to posterior intestinal portal
  • Hindgut-from posterior intestinal portal to cloacal membrane
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Blood Supply to Embryonic Divisions of Gut Tube

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Blood Supply to Embryonic Divisions of Gut Tube

  • Lower foregut-celiac trunk
  • Midgut-superior mesenteric artery
  • Hindgut-inferior mesenteric artery
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12
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Cranial Foregut Derivatives

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Cranial Foregut Derivatives

  • Epithelium lining posterior oral cavity
  • Thyroid epithelium
  • Respiratory diverticulum
  • Epithelium of auditory tube
  • Epithelium of palatine tonsils
  • Epithelium of parathyroids
  • Epithelium of thymus
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Caudal Foregut Derivatives

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Caudal Foregut Derivatives

  • Oropharynx and Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • First part of duodenum
  • Liver, pancreas, and gall bladder
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14
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Midgut Derivatives

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Midgut Derivatives

  • Second part of duodenum
  • Ileum and jejunum
  • Cecum and vermiform appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon to middle
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Hindgut Derivatives

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Hindgut Derivatives

  • Second half of transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anus to anal valves (pectinate line)
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16
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Gastric Rotation

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Gastric Rotation

  • Stomach forms from dilation of caudal foregut
  • Has both dorsal and ventral mesogastrium
  • First rotation carries dorsal mesogastrium from dorsal to ventral, elongating it extensively to form greater omentum
  • Second rotation brings cardiac stomach down and to left, pyloric up and to right
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Results of Midgut Rotation

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Results of Midgut Rotation

  • As midgut loop is reduced into peritoneal cavity, parts of it become attached to body wall by resorption of mesenteries
  • Also, cecum, vermiform appendix, and first part of ascending colon end up in right lower quadrant of abdomen
  • Ascending colon becomes secondarily retroperitoneal
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MOLECULAR REGULATION OF GUT TUBE DEVELOPMENT I

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MOLECULAR REGULATION OF GUT TUBE DEVELOPMENT I

  • A gradient of retinoic acid (high caudally, low cranially) causes differential expression of regulatory genes
  • The regulatory genes define the structure of the different regions of the gut tube
  • SOX2 esophagus and stomach
  • PDX3 duodenum
  • CDXC small intestine
  • CDXA large intestine and rectum
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MOLECULAR REGULATION OF GUT TUBE DEVELOPMENT II

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MOLECULAR REGULATION OF GUT TUBE DEVELOPMENT II

  • The lower gut tube produces a gradient of Sonic hedgehog (SHH)
  • SHH induces differential expression of Hox genes by the surrounding mesoderm
  • The differential Hox expression creates the regional differences between the small intestine, cecum, colon, and cloaca
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Hepatic Development

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Hepatic Development

  • Liver diverticulum forms from caudal foregut
  • Liver diverticulum grows into surrounding splanchnic mesoderm and septum transversum and branches
  • Branches are called hepatic cords and form ducts and hepatic parenchymal cells
  • CT and blood vessels in liver from splanchnic mesoderm and septum transversum
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Gall Bladder Development

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Gall Bladder Development

  • Cystic diverticulum (precursor of gall bladder) branches off hepatic diverticulum
  • Luminal epithelum from endoderm
  • Mural structures from splanchnic mesoderm
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Pancreatic Development

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Pancreatic Development

  • Ventral pancreatic bud forms adjacent to cystic diverticulum
  • Ventral pancreatic bud branches
  • On opposite side, dorsal pancreatic bud forms
  • Dorsal (main body and tail) and ventral buds then fuse (head)
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Peritoneal Status of GI organs I

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Peritoneal Status of GI organs I

  • Retroperitoneal viscera (never in peritoneal cavity)- esophagus to diaphragm and rectum
  • Intraperitoneal viscera-(always projecting into peritoneal cavity) abdominal esophagus, some of gall bladder, stomach, some of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
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Peritoneal Status of GI Organs II

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Peritoneal Status of GI Organs II

Secondarily retroperitoneal viscera-(transitionally “in” peritoneal cavity but outside peritoneal cavity in adult)-most of duodenum, most of pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon

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Septation of Caudal Hindgut

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Septation of Caudal Hindgut

  • Urorectal septum divides cloaca into rectum and urinary bladder
  • Thus, upper rectum and urinary bladder derived from endodermally derived epithelium
  • Anus forms from ectodermally derived anal pit
  • Pectinate line is approximate boundary between two rudiments
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Embryology of Rectoanal Canal I

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Embryology of Rectoanal Canal I

  • Above pectinate line, endodermally derived epithelium, autonomic innervation (insensitive mucosa), superior rectal artery and vein, inferior mesenteric nodes
  • Below pectinate line, ectodermally derived epithelium, inf. rectal nerve (sensitive mucosa), inferior rectal artery and vein, superficial inguinal nodes
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Embryology of Rectoanal Canal II

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Embryology of Rectoanal Canal II

  • Carcinoma in upper part painless, check inferior mesenteric nodes for metastasis
  • Carcinoma in lower part painful, check superficial inguinal nodes for metastasis
  • Rectoanal junction (simple columnar to stratified squamous keratinized) at white line (of Marshall)
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Tracheoesophageal Fistulas

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Tracheoesophageal Fistulas

Congenital defects associated with the GI system

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Meckel’s Diverticulum

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Meckel’s Diverticulum

  • Ileal (Meckel) diverticulum
  • Most common congenital GI defect
  • Remnant of vitelline duct
  • Middle of midgut-ileum
  • Usually asymptomatic
  • May contain ectopic gastric mucosa > ulceration
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Rule of Two’s

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Rule of Two’s

  • 2% of the population
  • 2 feet from the ileocecal valve
  • 2 inches in length
  • 2% are symptomatic
  • 2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic)
  • 2 years is the most common age at clinical presentation
  • 2 times more boys are affected
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congenital defects associated with the GI system

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congenital defects associated with the GI system

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Abnormal rotation

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Abnormal rotation

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Congenital Defects

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Congenital Defects

  • Omphalocele-Defect in anterior abdominal wall covered by peritoneum and amnionic sac-failed reduction? 1/5000-1/10,000 births
  • Gastroschisis-Rare defect in anterior abdominal wall without peritoneal and amnionic covering-lateral fold defect?
  • Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)-failed NC migration to colon > poor peristalsis > colonic dilation (upstream from aganglionic segment)
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Atresia

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Atresia

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Fistulas

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Fistulas

Anatomy Block 2 (5 decks)

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