Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Drug Action I > Block 2 - Atherosclerotic CD Physiology > Flashcards

Block 2 - Atherosclerotic CD Physiology Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Passage of blood through the cardiovascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is perfusion important?

A
  1. Cells need continuous supply of nutrients
  2. Metabolic waster which is removed
  3. Tissue ischemia or necrosis from hypoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is central perfusion?

A

Blood flow pumped by heart to entire vascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is local perfusion?

A

Microvascular perfusion where volume of blood flowing through a specific tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What determines central perfusion?

A
  1. CO and BP
  2. Pathologic processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What affects local perfusion?

A
  1. Capillaries
  2. Changes in dynamic activities
  3. Pathologic processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cause vasodilation?

A

EDHF, NO, PGI2, BK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What stimulated vasoconstriction?

A

ENT1, ANGII, Thrombaxane A2

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the purpose of arteries?

A

Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart to other parts of the body (high pressure system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose for capillaries?

A

Deliver O2 and nutrients to organs and tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the purpose for veins?

A

Carry oxygen poor blood back to heart (low pressure system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is caused when there is lack of sufficient of blood flow?

A
  1. Hypoxia
  2. Build up in waste
  3. Organ damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are layers of vasculatures?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A
  1. Single lay of epithelium
  2. Found only on capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the tunica media?

A
  1. Vascular smooth muscle → changes diameter of vessel
  2. Responsible for BP
  3. Thickest in arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is tunica externa (adevntitia)

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Anchors vessels to organs and tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Wall thickness depends on presence of ____ layers

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is PVD?

A

Condition affecting circulation in tissues other than brain or heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are examples of PVD?

A
  1. Chronic venous insuffiecney
  2. DVT
  3. Leg ulcer
  4. Varicose veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is PAD?

A

PVD affecting arteries

Caused by artheriosclerosis and HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are topics that are affected by vascular disorders?

A
  1. Cognition
  2. Comport pain
  3. Fluids and electrolytes
  4. Acid-base balance
  5. Nutrition
  6. Oxygenation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does vascular disorders cause impairments in cognition?

A
  1. Ischemia → drop in cerebral perfusion
  2. Altered mental status → decreased cerebral BF
  3. Cessation of energy dependent brain processes and irreversible brain injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does vascular disorders cause impairments in comfort?

A
  1. Pain
  2. PVD impair heart → peripheral edema and local redness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does vascular disorders cause impairments in fluid an electrolytes?

A

Multiple organ failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is arteriosclerosis?
Thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of walls of artery, common in PAD
26
What are the characteristics of a healthy blood vessel?
Very lasts, allows rapid changes in CO and BP
27
What are the characteristics of a aging blood vessel?
Calcify and lose elasticity → prevents changes when it comes to BP
28
What is plaque?
Substances (cholesterol and calcium) that harden arterial walls → narrowing
29
Risk factors of PAD?
1. Familial hypercholesteremia 2. Lifestyle factors 3. Control of most lifestyle factors
30
What is homozygous familial hypercholesteremia?
Development of CVD at chidhood
31
What is abnormally high or low lipid levels in blood?
Dyslipidemia
32
What is elevated blood lipids?
HLD
33
What are high cholesterol? High TG?
Hypercholesteremia; Hypertriglyceridemia
34
What is a lipoprotein?
Carrier protein that carries cholesterol, TG, phospholipids
35
What is the primary carrrier of cholesterol?
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs):
36
Elevated LDLs promote ___ that deposit ____ on ______
Atherosclerosis that deposits cholesterol on arterial walls
37
What is HDL?
Help clear cholesterol from arteries, transporting it to the liver for excretion.
38
What is considered a healthy HDL level? Unhealthy
60 mg/dL or more Men: 40 Female: 50
39
What is the therapeutic goal of PAD? How do we achieve it?
Maximize HDL levels, minimize LDL levels Genetic and lifestyle mods
40
_____ is an important risk factor for CVD?
TG levels
41
What is the function of TG and how is it processed?
Used for fat storage and energy use Transported to adipose for storage by VLDL which is transformed to LDL
42
What is Atheroma?
Region of plaque consisting of calcium, macrophages, lipids, and fibrous connective tissue. Immune cells at the site of plaque formation create a chronic inflammatory response.
43
What needs to happen for artherioscleosis to begin?
When endothelial cells are damaged → LDL reaching damage → WBC attack LDL → Plaque forms
44
What are chronic inflammatory response associated with atheroma?
1. Proliferation of smooth muscle 2. Smooth muscle cells secrete extracellular matrix that stabilizes plaque
45
Describe the mechanism of atherosclerosis formation?
46
What is the function of EC?
1. Line vessels 2. Regulate blood flow by maintaining anticoagulants and procoagulant surface 3. Maintain fibrinolytic mechanism → thrombus formation → promotion of blood flow
47
What occurs during endothelial dysfunction?
Normal anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic state with appropriate vasoconstriction and vasodilation toward → A proinflammatory, prothrombic state of reduced vasodilation
48
What happens if endothelial dysfunction is prolonged?
Arteriosclerosis → arterial thrombosis → obstruction of blood flow
49
What is thrombosis?
Process of formation of a clot that obstruct flow to organs
50
What are the functions of VSMC?
1. Contract and dilate 2. Synthesize ECM 3. Disrupt atheromatous plaque (fatty deposits)
51
What is purpose for ECM?
1. Structure and support 2. Normal vascular hemostasis
52
What are the dysfunction of VSMC?
Vasospasm: decrease vessel diameter → Decrease blood flow
53
What happens when LDLs oxidize how does that lead to atherosclerosis?
Induce cytokines → increased expression of adhesion molecules → migration of leukocytes into the intima
54
What is the physiology of atherosclerosis?
Accumulation of small particles of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in tunica intima due to a lesion (atheroma)
55
What are foam cells?
MP that localize to fatty deposits on BV ingesting LDL → rich with lipid → foamy appearance
56
What causes aneurysm?
Lesions may weaken the intima and form an aneurysm → bulge in BV Bulging of weak arterial wall, of which plaque and hypertension make up the primary cause
57
What happens if lesion ruptures?
Thrombosis → Decrease BF
58
When O2 exchange is insufficient arteries ___ to ____ BF?
Dilate; increase
59
How does atherosclerosis affect arterial passage?
Narrows arteries → decrease BF → plaque grows → person is asymptomatic before obstruction → ischemia
60
What occurs when atherosclerotic plaque rupture? Where is it most likely to occur?
1. Acute infarction and thrombosis 2. Repetitive cycles of plaque rupture lead to fibrous tissue formation Fibrous cap
61
Why are fibrous caps more susceptible for rupturing?
1. Thin fibrous caps are prone to rupture. 2. May involve superficial erosion of the intima. 3. Endothelial dysfunction
62
How does the body react to plaque ruptures?
Plaque rupture exposes lipid-rich core and its thrombogenic material to the blood, activating the clotting cascade
63
What are some features of the clotting cascade in response to plaque rupture?
Platelet adhesion → Platelet activation further activates and recruits more platelets → Activated platelets bind adhesive proteins and stimulate thrombin formation, leading to platelet aggregation ad coagulation → thrombin → occlusive thrombus → thrombosis or infarction
64
What is thrombin?
Clotting enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which helps form clots
65
What is stable plaque?
Contains thick fibrous cap that protects atheroma from shearing forces within artery
66
What is vulnerable plaque?
More inflammation and thinner fibrous cap; more susceptible for rupture with subsequent thrombi formation
67
What small plaque ruptures dangerous?
Nonfatal
68
What are the types of ASCVD?
1. Stroke 2. Transient ischemic attack (TIA) 3. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) 4. Claudication 5. Limb ischemia 6. Angina pectoris 7. Myocardial ischemia 8. Myocardial infarction
69
What are the 3 major consequences of PAD? Manifestations?
1. Stroke 2. PAD 3. MI Asymptomatic → ischemia
70
What is AC stenosis?
Partial or complete blockage of artery due to atherosclerotic plaque.
71
What is Carotid artery disease?
Plaque found in carotid arteries, which can lead to stroke
72
What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Plaque found in heart → myocardium ischemia
73
Cramping muscle pain in region of narrowing when blood flow to skeletal muscle is insufficient
Claudation
74
Concerns of aneurysm in brain?
headaches, dilated pupils, visual changes, left or right facial weakness or numbness
75
What is an arterial dissection?
Caused by tear in tunica intima in which blood vessel splits and blood goes between inner and outer layers, spreading of dissecting walls of vessel
76
Risk factors of arterial dissection?
1. Trauma 2. Heredity 3. Cocaine use 4. Pregnancy 5. Hypertension 6. Size of split
77
Is arterial dissection an emergency?
1. Arterial obstruction 2. Emboli
78
What is a stroke?
Interruption in blood supply to region of brain or bleeding of vessel resulting in brain tissue damage or infarction
79
What are the types of stroke?
1. Ischemic (Neurologic deficits) 2. Hemorrhagic (elevates ICP)
80
What are the causes of ischemic stroke?
1. Vascular disorder (Cerebral ischemia) 2. Atherosclerosis
81
Is ischemic stroke only caused in brain?
No, can occur elsewhere and make its way to the cerebral vessels Cardiac and hemotologic conditions: Decreases in EF
82
What is an ischemic stroke?
Partial or complete occlusion of cerebral blood flow due to thrombus or embolus
83
Compare the differences between stable and unstable plaque?
84
What are the types of ischemic strokes?
1. Thrombotic (vessel occlusion from plaque buildup) - most common 2. Embolic (posting clot that forms else where) - most are cardia origin 3. Lacunar (occlusion in deeper brain vessels)
85
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
Bleeding into brain from burst blood vessels
86
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
1. Intracerebral 2. Intraventricular 3. Extracerebral 4. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
87
What are the structural causes of hemorrhagic stroke?
1. Aneurysm 2. Arteriovenous malformations
88
What is a intraceerebral hemorrhage? Causes?
1. Vessels bleed into brain 2. Caused by chronic HTN
89
What is intraventricular hemorrhage?
Vessel bleeds into ventricles
90
What is extra cerebral hemorrhage?
Vessel bleeds into membranes surrounding brain
91
What is subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Vessel bleeds under arachnoid membrane and above pia mater
92
What is a cerebral aneurysm?
Abnormal bulge along vessel wall in brain that fills with blood; caused by a weak or thin area of vessel wall
93
What is areteriovenous malformations?
Tangle of abnormal or poorly formed blood vessels, including arteries and veins
94
What is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Delayed cerebral ischemia
95
What is delayed cerebral ischemia?
1. Occurs in ~30% of patients in first 2 weeks following hemorrhage. 2. Brain injury in first 72 hours leads to spontaneous waves of cerebral tissue depolarization and profound hypoperfusion of cortex 3. Coagulation cascade activation impairs fibrinolytic cascade → microthrombosis
96
What is cerebral vasospasm? How is it treated?
1. Complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage 2. Treated with balloon angioplasty
97
How doe you treat obstructive hydrocephalus
Vantriculostomy → draining CSF
98
What are clinical manifestations of strokes?
Sudden onset of focal neurologic deficit

Drug Action I (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions