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Drug Action II > Block 2: B Complex Vitamins > Flashcards

Block 2: B Complex Vitamins Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamin

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2
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

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3
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

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4
Q

Vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic acid

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5
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

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6
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Biotin

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7
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folic Acid

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8
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobolamin

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9
Q

What is the function of thiamin?

A
  1. Useful for the release of energy from carbs
  2. Appetitie and good health
  3. Normal function of NS
  4. Prevent the avitaminosis beriberi
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10
Q

What enzyme complexes require thiamin pyrophosphate as an essential cofactor?

A

Thiamin catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation reactions:
1. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
2. Alpha-keoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
3. Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex

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11
Q

What is beriberi?

A

NS ailment caused by thiamin deficiency -> lethargy and fatigue

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12
Q

Vitamin B2 is a central component of what cofactors?

A

Riboflavin is a component of FMN and FAD

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13
Q

What are the coenzymes produced by B2?

A
  1. Flavin mononucleotide
  2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide
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14
Q

What is the major function of Riboflavin?

A

Electron carrier for the ETC

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15
Q

What are flavoproteins?

A

Enzymes that require FMN or FAD that serves as an electron carrier in the ETC: succinate dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase

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16
Q

Why is FAD important?

A

Cofactor used in the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the CAC

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17
Q

What is B2 def?

A

Ariboflavinosis: mouth ulcers and inflammation

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18
Q

What is another name for Niacin?

A

Pellagra-preventing factor

Nicotinic acid + vitamin

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19
Q

How is niacin biosynthesized?

A

From L-tryptophan: 60 mg of tryptophan to 1 mg of niacin

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20
Q

What are the chief functions of B3?

A
  1. Part of coenzymes NAD and NADP used in energy metabolism
  2. Critical component of the CAC
  3. Part of the electron transport
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21
Q

What enzymes require NAD+ and NADP?

A

Lactate and malate dehydrogenase

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22
Q

What are the sx of pellegra and how is it treated?

A

Dour D’s of pellagra
1. Depression/dementia
2. Dermatitis
3. Diarrhea
4. Death

Alleviated by casein because it is rich in tryptophan

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23
Q

What is the most common source of Niacin?

A

Nuts for NADs

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24
Q

What is the function of B5?

Study These Flashcards
A

Pantothenic acid is the precursor of CoA

25
What is another name for Vitamin B5? Why?
the Greek pantothen meaning from everywhere because it is nearly found in every food Reason why deficiencies are rare however can cause burning sensation in feet
26
What is CoA?
From pantothenic acid and is a major acyl group in biological syntheses (carbon atom transporter) * Cellular respiration * Biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and Ach
27
What are the components of Pantothenic acid?
D-pantoate and beta alanine
28
How is vitamin B5 absorbed into the body?
1. In the form of **CoA or acyl-carrier protein** absorbed lumen and degraded from food to 4'-phosphopantetheine 2. pantetheine is metabolized by pantetheinase to yield pantothenic acid 3. Free acid is absorbed into intestinal cells by **saturable, sodium dependent active transport system**
29
Therapeutic uses of B5?
1. Hair care 2. Acne 3. Diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy 4. Dream stimulant
30
What is the metabolic function of B6?
3 forms of B6 are precursors of an activated compound (PLP) required for certain enzymatic activity: * Transamination and decarboxylation of AA * Gluconeogenesis * Formation of niacin/serotonin from tryptophan
31
What are the chemical forms of B6?
1. Pyridoxine (plant) 2. Pyridoxal (animal) 3. Pyridoxamine **Active form Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)**
32
What is transamination?
Transaminase enzymes breakdown amino acids are dependent on the presence of pyridoxal phosphate
33
What is is transsulfuration?
Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme needed for the proper function of enzymes **cystathionine synthase and cystathionase** (which are needed to transform methionine into cysteine)
34
What is this?
Aminotransferase reaction with PLP cofactors
35
Why is B6 essential?
Neurotransmitter synthesis of: 1. Tyrptophan to Serotonin 2. E 3. NE 4. Glutamate to GABA 5. Dihydroxyphenylalanine to dopamine
36
What are the sx of B6 def?
1. Atrophic glossitis with ulceration 2. Angular cheilitis 3. Somnolence 4. Confusion 5. Neuropathy
37
Signs of B6 tox?
Sensory neuropathy
38
What is the function of biotin?
CO2 transfer is carboxylase enzymes: 1. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha and beta 2. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 3. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase 4. Pyruvate carboxylase
39
What is the composition of Biotin?
Ureido (tetrahydro**imidizole**) ring fused with a tetrahydro**thiophene** ring
40
Describe the role of Malonyl CoA?
Derived from acetyl CoA used for chain elongation in FA biosynthesis by MCAT enzyme
41
What are the Biotin sources?
1. Royal jelly 2. Brewers yeast
42
How is Biotin absorbed
Absorption is selective based on food due to biotinidase releasing free biotin
43
Signs of Biotin def?
1. Dermatitis 2. Alopecia 3. FLKS
44
Describe the primary function of Folic acid?
Serves as acceptors and donars of sungle carbon units in reactions requiring one-carbon transfer 1. Cell division (def leads to anemia) 2. dTMP synthesis
45
What is the active form of Folate
Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
46
Describe how B12 def affects B9?
Defects in homocysteine methyltransferase can lead to methyl-trap of THF and a subsequent deficiency fo B9 | `
47
What is the most common folate carbon carrier form?
N5, N10-Methylene H4 folate
48
How does Folate contribute to dTMP synthesis?
1. dUMP (uridine) surrounded by EWG and O2 -> electrophillic 2. dUMP methylene is attacked by nucleophillic Cys 3. dTMP (thymidine) is product
49
In what ways is folate beneficial for human reproduction?
1. Folate intake during periconceptual period provides protection against congenital defects (neural tube) 2. Women who have experience NTD pregnancy and are planning to concieve is placed on **4mg/d of folic acid (10x the RDA)**
50
Folate food sources?
Liver
51
How is B12 synthesized?
Accomplished by bacteria, fungi, and algae but conversion of forms occurs in the body
52
Pernicious anemia is a def in what vitamin?
12
53
Describe the structure of B12?
**Organometallic:** 1. Cobalt carbon bond 2. Corrin ring
54
What is are the common forms of B12?
1. Cyanocobalamin (Cyanide artifact after purification process) 2. Hydroxocobalmin (Injection form) 3. Methylcobalmin (activated form), cofactor of MTR
55
Describe the process of methyl transfer?
56
Decribe the relationship between B12 and 9 in regards to B12 def?
Due to folate def since it includes both pernicious anemia and megaloblastosis Poor DNA synthesis reduces production of thymine When sufficient folic acid is available, all known B-12 related deficiency syndromes normalize except MUT and MTR
57
What is another name of B12?
Extrinsic facotr that binds to intrinsic in parietal gland enabling phagocytosis of the complex by distal ileum cells
58
What are the sx of pernicious anemia?
1. Gastrectomy 2. IBD/IBS 3. Defective secretion of intrinsic factor 4. Chronic pancreatitis
59
1. Organ meats 2. Seafood 3. Eggs 4. Hot dogs 5. Milk Are sources of what vit?
12

Drug Action II (28 decks)

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