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block 2-bones Flashcards

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1
Q

The adult skeleton

A

-axial skeleton= 80 bones
-appendicular skeleton=126 bones
total=206 bones
-axial skeleton= protection of internal organs
-appendicuar= movement
-both work together tho

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2
Q

bone picture and location

A

-see image folder

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3
Q

classification of the bones

A
  • Long bones - femur, tibia, fibula,
    fingers= long shaft, two articular
    surfaces, mostly compact bone
    -Short bones - wrist and ankle
    a cube-shaped, thin layer of
    compact bone with spongy
    centre
    -Flat bones - skull, sternum
    parallel layers of compact bone
    and spongy centre
  • Irregular bones - vertebrae, pelvis
    thin layers of compact bone
    surrounding a spongy centre
    -Sesamoid bones - patella
    bones embedded in tendon or
    muscle
  • to remember the acronym Late Students Fail In Summer
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4
Q

long bone example

A

-the top of the bone= articular cartilage contains spongy bone, red bone marrow and the epiphyseal line= plate in growing bone= allows grow= see imagine
-middle of the bone= enodteum=contains connective tissue and cells and blood supply (arterys) shows the bone is living. has the medullary cavity= yellow bone ,arrow=triglyceride stores
-outer layer of the bone= periosteum=
(connective tissue, bone-forming cells; protection, repair, nourishment, attachment of ligaments and tendons)
-bottom of the bone= articular cartiiliage

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5
Q

osteon

A

-in compact bone
-repeating units of bone
-consists of lamellae. lined up along the lines of stress so would differ depending on the type of bone
–haversian system = blood supply

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6
Q

extracellular matric of bone

A

-25% water
-25% collagen fibres (flexibility)
-50% crystallised mineral salts (hardness)
- hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate)
mineral deposition in framework formed by collagen fibres - calcification

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7
Q

cell types of bones

A

Osteogeneic cell =Inner periosteum, endosteum, bone canals with blood vessels. generates cells to do things in the bone essentially
Cell division to form osteoblasts.
Osteoblast (build bone)= Bone-building cells. Make and secrete collagen etc for ECM. Initiate calcification.
When trapped in ECM, become osteocytes.
Osteocyte = Mature cells. Most numerous. Maintain metabolism, exchanging nutrients and waste with blood. Full range of functions unclear.
osteoclast =Large cells formed from fusion of many monocytes (up to 50). Release enzymes and acids to breakdown ECM – resorption –
development, growth, maintenance and repair. (breakdown bone)
- video on lecture slide explains this all

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8
Q

Bone marrow

A

at the end o/ beggining of the bone- red bone marrow= important to generate the cells from the blood system. red or white blood cells which then differentiate to carry out functions in the body
-and the end we have the yellow bone marrow = responsible for the production of some white cells but mainly produces cartilage,fat and fat storages

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9
Q

bone marrow developmenet

A
  • when we are young we only produce red bone marrow as we grow older we tend to produce more yellow bone marrow
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10
Q

effect of exersize on bone marrow

A

-Marrow adipocytes (high in yellow marrow) may restrict haemopoiesis and osteoblast activity. negative effect on our health
-Marrow adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ to increase serum adiponectin= detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes
(particularly in the elderly)
- conversion of red to yellow isn’t good for our health if its too rapid I think ?
-runners had lower vertebral fat content so exercise links to the preservation of red blood cells and less conversion to yellow
-unclear how this works tho

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11
Q

fibrous joints

A

bones joined by fibrous
connective tissue rich in collagen fibres
-little or no movemnet

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12
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

held together by
cartilage (no synovial cavity
-little or no movement

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13
Q

synovial joints

A

bones held together by connective tissue within
a capsule and often by ligaments
-allow movement

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14
Q

why are joints important?

A

-movement relies on joints

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15
Q

synovial joint structure

A
  • two long bones
    -articular cartilage on the end of the two bones = plates that prevent ear and tear of the bones, reduces friction and shock.
    -fibrous joints capsule=
    -tendon=muscle to bone
    -ligament= bone to bone
    -has a synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid= lubrication = warming up encourages production and secretion=important for less friction etc…
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16
Q

ligaments in the articular capsule

A
  • can be on the inside and or outside of the capsule
    -needed for stability in the knee
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17
Q

what are ligaments and tendons made of primarily?

A

-collagen

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18
Q

structure of ligaments and tendons

A
  • collagen held together by fibroblast = triple helices of polypeptide chains
    -fibrils=fibres=fasicles=tendons/liagments
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19
Q

cartilage

A

Collagen & elastin fibres, proteoglycan (heavily glycosylated proteins)
– proportions dependent on type
Matrix produced by chondroblasts that become chondrocytes, no blood vessels

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20
Q

different types of cartilage

A

elastic cartilage not associated with bones. e.g external ear
fibrocartilage= Strongest:
intervertebral discs menisci of kthe nee joint. breaks down as you age
hyaline cartilage=Most abundant; many locations
eg. bronchi, larynx, nose trachea
ends of long bones
ie. articular cartilage
- see image if you think necessary

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21
Q

tendon failures

A

Microscopic failure – single or several fibres
Macroscopic failure – whole tendon

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22
Q

treatments of tendon failures

A

non-surgical =RICE
surgical= possible infection and nerve damage

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23
Q

ligament failure

Study These Flashcards
A

Torn anterior cruciate ligament

24
Q

treatment of ligament failure

Study These Flashcards
A

Surgical repair – autograft or allograft (often patellar
or hamstring tendon), sometimes synthetic
Screwed or stapled into place.
5-6 month recovery.

25
effect of exercise on tendons
Mechanical adaptation - remodelling in response to strength and endurance training Increased turnover of collagen - anabolism predominates; increased crosslinks= increases strength Tendon fibroblasts involved - respond to stretch - alter the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) to secrete more collagen fibres=collagen= strength
26
affect on exercise of the ligaments
Increased strength and flexibility
27
affect of exercise on cartilage
Increased thickness (hyaline cartilage) - protection - reduced risk of injury and osteoarthritis
28
affect of exercise on synovial fluid
Increased production – greater lubrication/cushioning/shock absorption
29
Synovial joint classifications
-planar (plane/gliding) * hinge * pivot * condyloid * saddle * ball-and-socket bony parts have pretty colour schemes -see image on slide if needed
30
types of movement at synovial joints?
gliding * angular * rotation * special (only at certain joints eg. plantar flexion) GRASP
31
gliding movements
-bones slide over each other =no significant alteration in angle between bones)
32
rotation movements
revolves around its own longitudinal axis e.g. moving the head
33
angular movements
Movements often considered in relation to the anatomical position -there is a midline and then there is a sagittal plane,coronal plane and traverse plane
34
angular movements
-more complex movements include flexion,extension,hyperextension; abduction; adduction; circumduction
35
flexion
decrease in angle between the articulating bones
36
extension
increase in angle between the articulating bones – often to restore the anatomical position
37
hyperextension
beyond the anatomical position
38
abduction
movement of a bone away from the midline
39
adduction
movement of a bone toward the midline
40
circumduction
movement of the distal part of a bone in a circle (describes a cone)
41
types of movements
Linear – same speed and direction * Angular – circle or part of a circle – movement around a fixed point or axis * General – a combination of linear and angular= most common everyday movements
42
force and movement
Push or pull that alters or tends to alter the state of motion of a body Effect governed by size and direction of the force Muscles provide force and movement using lever systems
43
types of lever systems
- 1st calss= effort of one end and resistance on the other. allows little effect against a big resistance - 2nd class effort and resistance are on the same side of the pivot. e.g. going on your rose. resistance = body weight 3rd class system resistance is outside the point in which the effort is being applied. not mechanically advantageous. most common type in the body. however very small contractions produces a larger distance movement
44
what does movements require?
-joints -muscle
45
bones turnover and bone remodelling
-the skeleton is very dynamic at microscopic level -bone remodelling allows=maintenance in response to damage caused by normal stresses and strains of movement * changes in response to changes in stresses and strains (eg. exercise -Turnover of whole skeleton ~10% per yea
46
resorption and formation
-osteoclast=resorption osteoblast=bone formation, mineralisation,transduction of information about eg. stresses and strains -Remodelling shows circadian and seasonal variation Dependent on eg. diet, exercise osteocytes responsoible
47
calcified bones
-a source of ca2+ for the rest of the body -metabolic needs outweigh skeletal needs - calcium needed for cardiac contractility and nerve transmission * in metabolic diseases or nutritional deficiency, the skeletal system can be harmed -extracellular calcium is present at higher concentration compared to inside the cell. creates a huge gradient of calcium across the membrane .1 -2 mM in the extracellular fluid -mediated by the parathyroid galnds. when extracellular calcium alls parathyroid hormone is realeased= increase in blood calcium -when too high= C-cells of thyroid=calcitonin= decrease in blood calcium levels.
48
how do hormones in the extracellular fluid affect blood calcium levels
-affects ca2+ mobilisation from the bone -ca2+ reabsorption from the kidney -ca2+ absorption via the kidney
49
examples of clinical conditions where bone resorption and formation are not matched?
-Gigantism= Childhood hypersecretion of pituitary growth hormone (GH) -acromegally=Adult hypersecretion of GH: overgrowth of responsive bony areas (eg. hands, face, feet) - Dwarfism Many different types. The commonest is chondroplasia (~70%). 80% due to inherited (genetically dominant) or spontaneous mutation (in sperm) of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 - constitutively active – collagen does not develop into bone54
50
bone mineral density in health and disease
- an indicator of bone strength -can measure using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
51
how is Bone mineral density used to assess osteoporosis and the risk of fracture
Osteoporosis= Amount of bone decreased and structural integrity of trabecular bone reduced.= Reduced cortical bone thickness Reduced structural integrity Generally no symptoms prior to bone fracture (often spine, wrist, forearm, hip) -BMD decreases with age and also menopause and so increases the risk of bone fractions
52
Treatment of osteoporosis
Increase dietary intake (or supplements) of calcium and vitamin D * Exercise Oral (or iv) bisphosphonates - accumulate in bone through calcium binding. Ingested by osteoclasts, which then die through apoptosis. * Hormone replacement therapy: oestrogens/progestogens -rest periods between loading cycles can increase response=recovery period is important
53
response of BMD to excercise
-realtes to the magnitude of stress on the bones -increasaed BMd of athletes -Also evidence from studies of unilateral loading (eg. tennis players – 22% greater BMD in dominant vs. non-dominant arm) -In older people, exercise may slow age-related loss of BMD - (particular focus on post-menopausal women)
54
55
mechanotransduction=linking mechanical force to cellular responses and bone remodelling
-see lecture slide

excersize physiology (9 decks)

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