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Pathophysiology > Block 2 Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Block 2 Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a preferable biomarker for early detection of myocardial necrosis?
A. creatinine kinase
B. troponin
C. lactic dehydrogenase
D. ldl cholesterol
E. white blood cell count

A

B. troponin

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2
Q

Which condition most commonly results in coronary artery disease?
A. atherosclerosis
B. diabetes
C. myocardial infarction
D. renal failure
E. anemia

A

A. atherosclerosis

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3
Q

Which of the following is a compensatory response to decreased cardiac output?
A. decreased blood pressure
B. altered consciousness
C. fluid retention
D. decreased diuresis
E. bradycardia

A

C. fluid retention

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4
Q

Which of the following is the most common cause of congestive heart failure?
A. sars-cov2 virus infection
B. rheumatic fever
C. mitral valve prolapse
D. ischemic heart disease
E. iron-deficiency anemia

A

D. ischemic heart disease

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5
Q

What is the most common complication of myocardial infarction?
A. arrhythmia
B. cardiogenic shock
C. heart failure
D. pericarditis
E. renal failure

A

A. arrhythmia

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6
Q

Chest pain that occurs in aortic stenosis results from:
A. all of the listed
B. increased demand by hypertrophic myocardium
C. decreased coronary perfusion
D. relative decline in coronary capillary density
E. non of the listed

A

A. all of the listed

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7
Q

The primary response to aortic stenosis is:
A. right ventricular hypertrophy
B. left ventricular hypertrophy
C. pulmonary hypertension
D. enlargement of the left atrium
E. systemic hypertension

A

B. left ventricular hypertrophy

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8
Q

An increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume together with a diastolic murmur along the left sternal border is a feature of:
A. mitral stenosis
B. mitral regurgitation
C. aortic stenosis
D. aortic regurgitation
E. none of the above

A

D. aortic regurgitation

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8
Q

Mitral regurgitation may result from:
A. rheumatic fever
B. infectious endocarditis
C. myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve
D. extensive enlargement of the left ventricle
E. all of the above

A

E. all of the above

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9
Q

Asymptomatic myocardial infarction may occur in the course:
A. multiple myeloma
B. hypertension
C. diabetes
D. parkinson’s disease
E. emotional stress

A

C. diabetes

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10
Q

Which of the following acts as a vasoconstrictor?
A. nitric oxide
B. prostacyclin
C. endothelin-1
D. acetylcholine
E. atrial natriuretic peptide

A

C. endothelin-1

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11
Q

A 50 yo smoker had several episodes of chest pain during exertion. A few months later he develops sever chest pain radiating to the left arm during rest. What factor will determine the progression of his disease?
A. the degree of occlusion in the coronary arteries
B. the amount of exertion
C. the patient’s age
D. the blood pressure of the patient
E. the number of cigarettes he smoked

A

A. the degree of occlusion in the coronary arteries

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12
Q

Assess the following statements:
1-the absence of alteration in ECG taken at rest excludes coronary artery disease, because
2-coronary artery disease impairs myocardial perfusion which is reflected as an abnormal ECG.
A. tt, truely linked
B. tt, falsely linked
C. tf
D. ft
E. ff

A

D. ft

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13
Q

What is the minimal percentage of coronary arterial occlusion can cause chest pain to occur during rest?
A. 85%
B. 70%
C. 55%
D. 40%
E. 25%

A

B. 70%

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13
Q

Stable angina can be confirmed by:
A. changes in ecg during cardiac stress test
B. chest pain at rest
C. elevated cardiac enzymes
D. abnormal ecg at rest
E. chest pain on exertion

A

A. changes in ecg during cardiac stress test

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14
Q

Which of the following is the most frequent direct cause of myocardial infarction?
A. coronary artery spasm
B. coronary artery embolism
C. unstable angina
D. coronary artery thrombosis
E. hypertension

A

D. coronary artery thrombosis

14
Q

Which of the following conditions is not typical for atrial fibrillation?
A. pulse deficit
B. irregular heart rate
C. thromboembolism
D. sinoatrial node acting as a pacemaker
E. enlargement of the atrium

A

D. sinoatrial node acting as a pacemaker

15
Q

A 60 yo patient weighing 90 kg was diagnosed with heart failure. His heart rate=100 beats min, end-diastolic volume is 60ml, and end-systolic volume is 24 ml. which conclusion is correct? (SV= stroke volume, EF = ejection fraction, CO = cardic output, HF = heart failure)

A. SV = 60ml, EF = 36ml, CO=3240ml, HF = diastolic

B. SV = 60ml, EF = 36%, CO=3600ml, HF = systolic

C. SV = 36ml, EF = 60%, CO=3600ml, HF = diastolic

D. SV = 36ml, EF = 24%, CO=2400ml, HF = systolic

E. SV = 84ml, EF = 0.4ml, CO=5400ml, HF = systolic

A

C. SV = 36ml, EF = 60%, CO=3600ml, HF = diastolic

16
Q

A patient complains of chest discomfort and frequent episodes of syncope. Which of the following could be a reason for his condition?
A. mitral regurgitation
B. mitral stenosis
C. aortic regurgitation
D. aortic stenosis
E. heart attack

A

D. aortic stenosis

16
Q

Which of the following may lead to pressure overload?
A. hypertension
B. mitral stenosis
C. aortic incompetence
D. increased venous return
E. atrial fibrillation

A

A. hypertension

17
Q

Which of the following statements related to right ventricular failure is false?
A. it is often caused by lung disease
B. as a consequence, the output of the left ventricle is reduced
C. it may produce malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract
D. it is associated with decreased aldosterone secretion
E. one of the chief symptoms is ankle swelling

A

D. it is associated with decreased aldosterone secretion

18
Q

Mitral stenosis:
A. it is most often a congenial lesion
B. a typical finding on auscultation is the third heart sound
C. results in atrophy of the left atrium
D. leads to the enlargement of the left ventricle
E. may result in pulmonary edema

A

E. may result in pulmonary edema

19
Q

Which of the following does not characterize atrial fibrillation
A. disorganized atrial electrical activity
B. irregular ventricular rhythm
C. the atrial rhythm at 350-600 beats per minute
D. reduced atrial volume
E. no p wave in the ecg

A

D. reduced atrial volume

20
Q

Which of the following can be a cause of left ventricular heart failure:
A. cardiogenic shock
B. pulmonary edema
C. pulmonary artery embolism
D. aortic stenosis
E. peripheral edema

A

D. aortic stenosis

20
Q

Heart failure is best described by an inadequate:
A. stroke volume
B. end-diastolic volume
C. cardiac output
D. ejection fraction
E. heart rate

A

C. cardiac output

21
Q

A patient complaining of chest pain on exertion was found to have normal ecg at rest. It may indicate that the patient has:
A. myocarditis
B. myocardial infarction
C. left ventricular failure
D. unstable angina
E. stable angina

A

E. stable angina

22
Q

Which of the following conditions will decrease oxygen demands of the heart?
A. increased venous return
B. beta receptor blockade
C. increased heart rate
D. administration of catecholamines
E. rise in systemic blood pressure

A

B. beta receptor blockade

22
Q

Atherosclerosis decreases the supply of oxygenated blood to the myocardium by:
A. reducing the diameter of coronary arteries
B. degrading hemoglobin
C. decreasing blood oxygenation
D. causing calcification of the arterial wall
E. increasing oxygen demands of the heart

A

A. reducing the diameter of coronary arteries

23
Q

What is the earliest event in the development of atherosclerosis?
A. endothelial dysfunction
B. accumulation of cholesterol
C. lymphocyte recruitment
D. monocyte adhesion
E. smooth muscle hyperplasia

A

A. endothelial dysfunction

24
Q

What are foam cells?
A. lipid-laden macrophages
B. iron-laden macrophages
C. calcified plaques
D. monocytes in circulation
E. thrombotic plaues

A

A. lipid-laden macrophages

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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