Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Epidemiology SJSM > Block 3 > Flashcards

Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Key word: Max dose

  • Look for the max tolerable dose
  • Other treatments have failed
  • Normal organ function
  • Test drugs on a small sample
A

Phase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe phase 1

A

Key word: Max dose

  • Look for the max tolerable dose
  • Other treatments have failed
  • Normal organ function
  • Test drugs on a small sample
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

No therapeutic effects

A

Phase 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Phase 0

A

no therapeutic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Key words: FDA approval

  • Done on large studies
A

Phase 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe Phase 3

A

Key words: FDA approval

  • Done on large studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Key words: S-W-I-M (Safety-Work-Improvement- Market)

  • Long term effects and safety concerns
A

Phase 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe phase 4 trial

A

Key words: S-W-I-M (Safety-Work-Improvement- Market)

  • Long term effects and safety concerns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the features of permutated block randomization

A

2 groups & used for small studies; it’s good for maintaining balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the features of stratified block randomization

A

Involves 4 strata (ex. male 65 +/- & female 65 +/-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Involves 4 strata (ex. male 65 +/- & female 65 +/-

A

Stratified block randomization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe open label blinding

A

no blinding in the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

no blinding in the study

A

Describe open label blinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe triple blinding

A

The participants, researchers, and data analysts are all blinded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The participants, researchers, and data analysts are all blinded

A

Triple blinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe double blind

A

Researchers and participants are both blind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Researchers and participants are both blind

A

Double blind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe what a metanalysis is?

A

Quantitatively combine and analyze the results from multiple studies on a specific topic, in order to draw more reliable and generalizable conclusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the steps of performing a metanalysis

A

1) Define your research Q
2) Literature review
3) Select studies
4) Extract data
5) Analyze data
6) Report results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

1) Define your research Q
2) Literature review
3) Select studies
4) Extract data
5) Analyze data
6) Report results

A

steps of performing a metanalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Quantitatively combine and analyze the results from multiple studies on a specific topic, in order to draw more reliable and generalizable conclusions.

A

Describe what a metanalysis is?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe inclusion factors

A

study design
population characteristics
treatment types
outcome measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

study design
population characteristics
treatment types
outcome measures

Are examples of what

A

Inclusion factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the steps of analyzing the data

A

1) Inverse variance weighing
2) unweighing inverse variance (via applying the random variance effects composition variable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do we unweigh inverse variance

A

random effects variance composition is determined by how much the effects of a study vary in terms of their size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

random effects variance composition is determined by how much the effects of a study vary in terms of their size

A

REVC (Random effects variance composition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe case control studies

A

Measure the ASSOCIATION between exposure to a factor & development of a disease (usually exposed group has more risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Measure the ASSOCIATION between exposure to a factor & development of a disease (usually exposed group has more risk)

Only use ODDS RATIO (can’t use relative risk)

A

Case-Control study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe a cohort study

A

observational study that follows a group of individuals with similar characteristics over a period of time to observe and analyze how certain factors or exposures influence the development of specific outcomes or diseases.

Use odds ratio OR relative risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

observational study that follows a group of individuals with similar characteristics over a period of time to observe and analyze how certain factors or exposures influence the development of specific outcomes or diseases.

Use odds ratio OR relative risk

A

Cohort study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the features of Expressed attributable risk (EAR)

A

Key word: preventing disease

the additional risk or probability of developing a condition that can be directly attributed to a particular cause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Key word: preventing disease

the additional risk or probability of developing a condition that can be directly attributed to a particular cause.

A

Exposed attributable risk (EAR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Ratio of risks equation (incidence rates)

A

Disease risk in exposed / disease risk in unexposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Disease risk in exposed / disease risk in unexposed

A

Ratio of risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Difference in risk equation

A

(disease risk in exposed)-(disease risk in unexposed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Relative risk (causation) equation

A

risk in exposed (incidence) / risk in non exposed (incidence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

risk in exposed (incidence) / risk in non exposed (incidence)

A

Relative risk (causation) equation

38
Q

When do you use relative risk?

A

In a cohort study

39
Q

When do you use odds ratio

A

a cohort or case control

40
Q

Incidence exposed equation

A

a/(a+b)

41
Q

a/(a+b)

A

Incidence exposed

42
Q

Incidence in unexposed

A

c/(c+d)

43
Q

c/(c+d)

A

Incidence in unexposed

44
Q

Equation for exposed attributable risk (EAR)

A

(incidence in exposed in pop (abs)) - (incidence in pop without risk factor)

45
Q

Absolute EAR equation

A

(incidence in exposed)-(incidence in unexposed)

46
Q

(incidence in exposed)-(incidence in unexposed)

A

Absolute EAR(abs)

47
Q

Relative EAR equation

A

EAR(absolute)/ incidence exposed

48
Q

Describe the Population attributable risk (PAR)

A

Disease that’s attributed to exposure

49
Q

Population attributable risk (PAR) equation

A

(Incidence in exposed)-(incidence in unexposed)

50
Q

Describe the mean

A

It’s continuous and discrete nominal

It’s heavily influenced by outliers!!!

51
Q

It’s continuous and discrete nominal

sum of all entries’ / total # of entries

It’s heavily influenced by outliers!!!

A

Mean

52
Q

Describe the median

A

It’s not logically ordered (nominal)

Middle number

not effected much by outliers

53
Q

It’s not logically ordered (nominal)

Middle number

not effected much by outliers

A

Median

54
Q

Describe the quartiles

A

lower = 25%
2nd 50%
upper = 75%

55
Q

What is the IQR equation?

A

Q3-Q1

It’s not influenced by outliers

56
Q

Data sets with small spreads then to have values close to the _______ & _________

A

close to the mean & has small variances (standard deviations)

57
Q

The _______ the variances & standard deviations the more the __________ indicative of the whole data set

A

smaller

mean

58
Q

Describe standard deviation

A

The average distance of observations from mean & variance

59
Q

The average distance of observations from mean & variance

A

Standard deviation

60
Q

Small standard deviation means the data is

A

close to the mean

61
Q

Probability of complimentary equation

A

1- (the probability of the event occurring)

62
Q

Describe conditional probability

A

The probability of an event happens given that another event has happened

63
Q

The probability of an event happens given that another event has happened

A

conditional probability

64
Q

Describe the addition rule

A

for mutually exclusive events (precluding i.e roll a 3 then a 6)

The probability of A or B

P= A+B

65
Q

Describe the multiplication rule

A

For independent events (flip heads and roll a 3)

probability of A & B

P= A*B

66
Q

Positive skew

A

Right

mode<median<mean

67
Q

Negative skew

A

Left

mean<median<mode

68
Q

Describe a sampling error

A

Biased selection and randomized variation

69
Q

Biased selection and randomized variation

A

Sampling error

70
Q

Describe a standard error

A

construct confidence intervals

71
Q

construct confidence intervals

A

Describe a standard error

72
Q

Standard deviation measures

A

vairation

73
Q

Describe a standard deviation error

A

Is precise (not good!)

74
Q

Is precise (not good!)

A

Describe a standard deviation error

75
Q

Describe a small standard deviation error

A

the estimate is precise (the sample size is large but there’s less variance)

76
Q

the estimate is precise (the sample size is large but there’s less variance)

A

small standard deviation error

77
Q

A small standard deviation has

A

small error and small confidence interval

78
Q

Standard error of mean (SEM) equation

A
79
Q

Standard error of proportions equation

A
80
Q

Small studies on variable data give

A

wider confidence intervals

81
Q

Confidence interval of the mean equation

A
82
Q
A

Confidence interval of the mean equation

83
Q
A

Standard error of proportions equation

84
Q
A

Standard error of mean (SEM) equation

85
Q

Confidence intervals (properties)

A
86
Q
A

CI properties

87
Q

List the parameters needed for calculation sample size

A
  • the minimum level of confidence we need in order to confidently say that there is a meaningful difference between two groups or variables being compared.
  • Acceptable error
  • The magnitude of the effect under investigation
    – the amount of disease in a population
  • the relative sizes of the groups being compared
88
Q
  • the minimum level of confidence we need in order to confidently say that there is a meaningful difference between two groups or variables being compared.
  • Acceptable error
  • The magnitude of the effect under investigation
    – the amount of disease in a population
  • the relative sizes of the groups being compared
A

the parameters needed for calculation sample size

89
Q

Factors affecting sample size

A
  • acceptable level of significance (p-value)
  • power of the study (1-B)
  • expected effect size
  • underlying event rate in population (prevalence rate)
  • standard deviation in population
90
Q
  • acceptable level of significance (p-value)
  • power of the study (1-B)
  • expected effect size
  • underlying event rate in population (prevalence rate)
  • standard deviation in population
A

Factors affecting sampling size

Epidemiology SJSM (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions