block 3 question 12

Question 1

anal canal upper half

Answer 1

hindgut of the ectoderm, columnar epithelium vertical folds called anal columns, joined by the lower ends by the small semi lunar folds anal valves remains of proctodeal membrane

Question 2

anal canal upper half nerve supply

Answer 2

rectal mucosa and derived from the autonomic hypogastric plexuses. it is sensitive only to stretch

Question 3

anal canal upper half arterial supply and vein lymph

Answer 3

namely the superior rectal arterym branch of the inferior mesenteric artery

venous drainage is mainly by the superior rectal vein, a tributary of the mesenteric vein and the portal vein

lymphatic drainage= mainly upward along the superior rectal artery to the pararectal nodes –> inferior mesenteric nodes

Question 4

anal canal

Answer 4

ectoderm of the proctodeum
lined by stratified squamos epi, which gradually merges at the anus with the perianal epidermis
no anal columns

Question 5

lower half anal canal 
nerve 
arterial 
venous
lymph

Answer 5

-nerve supply is from the somatic inferior rectal nerve
sensitive to pain, temp, touch and pressure
- arterial supply= inferior rectal vien –> internal pudendal vein
- venous drainage is by the inferior rectal vien–> internal pudendal vein–> internal iliac
- lymph- medial group of superficila inguinal nodes

Question 6

the anorectal ring

Answer 6

puborectalis (innermost of levator ani muscle, extends from the pubic bone, obturator fascia and ischial spine to the coccyx and anococcygeal ligament) upper end of the external and internal anal sphincter
-puborectalis big role in continence than the interal and external sphinctor

Question 7

anal triangle

Answer 7

internal= smooth muscle (thickened circular muscle coat). Surrounds upper 2/3 anal canal
automatic nerve supply (involuntary)

external=striated muscle
surrounds lower lower 2/3 of anal canal
-subcutaneous - lower end of anal canal
-superficial- attached to coccyx and perineal body
-deep- blends with puborectalis muscle
innervation by anal nerves of pudenal nerve and branches of s4 (voluntary)

Question 8

anal nerve reaction

Answer 8

impulse from cererbral cortex–> voluntary motor –> external anal sphinctor

1. feces move into and distnd the rectum, stimulating stretch receptor there, the receptors there. the receptor transmit signals along efferent fibers to spinal cord neurons
2. a spinal reflex is intiated in which parasympathetic motor (efferent) fibers, stimulate contraction of the rectum and sigmoid colon and relaxation of the of the internal anal sphincter
3. if it is convenient to defecate voluntary motor neurons are inhibited allowing the external anal sphincter to relax so feces may pass

Question 9

male internal reproductive viscera

Answer 9

pelvic cavity:
vas deferns 
seminal vesicles
ejaculatory ducts 
prostate gland 
bulbourethreal glands
urethra

Question 10

arterial pathway iliac artery

Answer 10

blood to the urine bladder, wall of the pelvis, external gentalia, medial portion of the femoral region. blood to the uterus and vagina

abd aorta–> right common iliac —> right internal and right external iliac.

right internal–> superior gluteal / obturator/ internal pudendal / lateral sacral

Question 11

ductus deferens

Answer 11

transports mature sperm to the urethra for ejaculation
continuaton of the epididymis
30-45 cm long
superior artery –> artery to the ductus
venous drainage to the pelvic venous plexus
lymph= ductus deferns to the external and internal iliac nodes
INNVERVATION = MOSTLY sympathetic from the pelic plexus

Question 12

ductus deferens pathway

Answer 12

convoluted portion

Question 13

BRS ductus deferens

Answer 13

thick walled tube that enters the pelvis at the deep inguinal line
crosses the medial side of the umbiliccal artery and the obturator vessels passes superiorly to the ureter nerve near the wall of the bladder -> dialates and becomes the ampulla at the terminal spot. has fructose which is nutrative msotly sympathetic of the hypogastric plexus ‘parasympathetic nerves of the pelvic plexus

Question 14

ductus deferens pathway

Answer 14

convoluted portion of the ductus deferens become straighter 2-3 mm as it goes posteriorly to the testis and medial to the epidyimis.
ascends on the posterior aspect of the spermatic cord until it reaches the deep inguinal ring where it participates in the formation of the spermatic cord–> loops to the inferior epigastric artery
then it goes to the lateral pelvic wall medial to the distal ureter, along posterior wall of the bladder until it reaches the seminal vessicles dorsal to the prostate

Question 15

seminal vessicles

Answer 15

seminal vesicles produce sugar rich sluid fructose -> give the sperm energy and helps is move

most of sperm fluid is from here

btwn bladder and rectum
apx. 5 cm in length
Denonvillers fascia rectovesical fascia
ductus deferns lie medially and prostatic venous plexus lies laterally. arterial blood supply from inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries while venous and lymphatic drainage accompanies

Question 16

Ejaculatory Ducts

Answer 16

2 cm in length
union of the seminal vesicles and ampulla of the vas deferens
Each ducts starts at the base of the prostate and terminates at the seminal colliculus Verumontanum
vasculature, innervation and lymph ducts of the ejaculatory ducts are the same as for the ductus deferens

Question 17

prostate

Answer 17

20% of ejaculation will come from here
thin milky slightly alkaline fluid this will help make that semen thicker and coagulate it more after its in the vagina
citric acid, proteolytic enyzmes, sugar, phosphate, and various ions
ph 7/8
ovoid structure has the urethra, and 2.5- 30 cm by 40-4.5 cm normally weighs 20-25 g

Question 18

parts of the prostrate

Answer 18

base by the bladder
apex is superiorly
anterior border= vesicoprostatic plexus
posterior border contact with the levators ani and the prostatic venous plexus
fibers of the external urethral sphinctor surround the prostate

Question 19

prostate arterial supply

Answer 19

supply to the prostate gland, derived from the inferior vesicles branches to the middle rectal artery
venous drainage prosthetic plexus, eventually drains into the internal iliac vein
lymphatic drainage flows to the internal iliac nodes
innvervation is derived from the inferior portion to the CT surrounding the glands

Question 20

bulbourethral glands

Answer 20

during the sexual arousal each gland makes a clear salty viscous secretion know as pre- ejactulate
it helps with lubricating the urethra so sperm can easily go through it will also neutralize the acidity of the urine in the urethra and it takes out any urine that is left there or any sort of foriegn matter
-enclosed by the urethral sphinctor
-excretory duct of the gland penetrates the perineal membrane and opens within the bulbar urethra
-vaculature, lymph, and innver basically the same for the seminal vesicles

Question 21

urethra-

Answer 21

stretches from the bladder to the tip of the glans penis this is where semen and urine comes out.
Prostatic- (PORTION OF THE URETHRA THAT IS IN THE PROSTATE) goes vertically from the neck through the prostate before it becomes the membrane of the urethra and goes into the perineal membrane
prostatic urethra has orifice of the ejaculatory duct

Question 22

urethra male

Answer 22

membranous urethra goes into the deep perineal space
surrounded by fibers of the external urethral sphincter
Enters the bulb corpus spongiosum, orifice for bulbourethral glands –> becomes the penile urethra.
urethra get to the glans penis, diameter goes down to the external ostium, least dilatable portion of the urethral canal

Question 23

female internal reproductive viscera

Answer 23

vagina 
cervix 
uterus 
uterine tubes 
ovaries

Question 24

vagina

Answer 24

extends from the vulva externally to the uterine cervix internally
located within the pelvis, anterior to the rectum and posteror to urinary bladder
lies 90 degrees to the uterus
endopelvic fascia and ligament

Question 25

vagina

Answer 25

lined with rugae- allows for distention for child bearing structure of the vagina is a network of connective membrane and erectile tissue pelvic diaphragm, the sphincter urethrae and transverse peroneus muscle= innervated by the perineal branch of the pudenal nerve pelvic diagraphm primarily refers to the leavtor ani and the coccygeus, innervated by the s2-s4

Question 26

vagina

Answer 26

vascular supply primarily from the vaginal artery, a branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery, nerve supply primarily from the autonomic nervous system sensory fibers to the lower vagina: comes from the pudendal nerve, pain fibers from the nerve roots Lymph drainage of the vagina generally external iliac nodes (upper third of the vagina), the common iliac (middle third) and superficial inguinal (lower third)

Question 27

cervix

Answer 27

inferior portion of the uterus its separate from the body of the uterus and the vagina circle external opening, terminate into the external os, internal opening into the endometrial average length 3-5 cm

Question 28

uterus ligaments

Answer 28

rectouterine ligament | round

Question 29

rectouterine

Answer 29

ligament peritone fold from the cervix to sacrum

Question 30

round ligament

Answer 30

denser structure uterus to the anterolateral abdominal wall at the deep inguinal ring. within the anterior lamina of broad ligament this is where the sampson art is which needs to be careful for hysterectomy

Question 31

Uterus inner/ art/ venous

Answer 31

come from anterior div of internal iliac branch to the uterine artery anastomse with the ovarian artery along the uterine tube lymph lateral aortic, plevic, iliac node around the iliac vessels Nerve= sympathetic nervous supply via hypogastric and ovarian plexuses parasympathetic= pelvic nerve from the 4th sacral nerve

Question 32

uterine

Answer 32

primary job--> sperm to the egg into artery fert egg back to uterus for implan CORNUA= exit to the uterus making canal through endometrial and peritoneal cav 10 cm in length 1 cm in diameter MESOSALPINX= broad ligament that stretches from the ovary to the uterine tube

Question 33

broad lig

Answer 33

peritoneum from the uterus to the floor of the pelvis

Question 34

part of uterine

Answer 34

1. ISTHMUS= first ligament closet to the uterus 2. Ampulla= this is where you see most of the eggs being fert 3. INFUNDIBULUM= gives rise to fimbriae (fingerlink projection that catch the eggs that released

Question 35

uterine arterial supply fallopian

Answer 35

branches of uterine and ovarian arteries | small vessels on the mesosalpinx

Question 36

nerve supply uterine fallopian tube

Answer 36

both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers | sensory fibers 11-12 and lumbar segment 1

Question 37

uterine fallopian tubes lymphatics

Answer 37

through iliac and aortic nodes

Question 38

Ovaries

Answer 38

either side of uterus mesovarium portion of broad ligament have a bunch of housing and releasing the ova, or egg necessary for reproduction. birth 1-2 mil 300 mature actual size 3-5 cm smaller in menopause

Question 39

Ovaires: | ovarian ligament

Answer 39

connects uterus to the ovary

Question 40

ovs: | broad ligament

Answer 40

mesovarium | supports the ovaries and vascular supply

Question 41

ovs: | suspernsory ligament of the ovaries

Answer 41

in fundibular pelvic ligament peritoneal fold on the ovarian vessel ovary to the wall

Question 42

ovs: | vas

Answer 42

ovarian arteries

Question 43

ovs: venous

Answer 43

left ov v. to left renal vein an to right ovarian vein into IVC

Question 44

lymph drainage

Answer 44

ovary is primarily to lateral aortic nodes, iliac nodes may also be involved

Question 45

sigmoid colon

Answer 45

two opening Superficial inguinal ring- a triangular- shaped defect in the aponeurosis of the externa abdominal oblique and lies immediately above and medial to the pubic tubercle deep inguinal ring- an oval opening in transverse fascia and lies approximately 1.5 cm above midpoint of inguinal ligament lateral to inferior epigastric vessels s shaped, variable, 38 cm long s3 retosigmoid junction, terminates at the taenaie coli

Question 46

sigmoid vas

Answer 46

sigmoid branches of inferior mesenteric artery

Question 47

sigmoid veins

Answer 47

inferior mesesnteric artery portal venous system

Question 48

sigmoid nerve supply

Answer 48

sympathetic and parasympathic nerves form inferior hypogastric plexuses

Question 49

sigmoid lymph drainage

Answer 49

lymph to nodes along the course of sigmoid arteries, from these nodes, lymph travels to the inferior mesenteric nodes

Question 50

rectum

Answer 50

``` 13 cm long true pelvis from sigmoid colon to anal colon mucous membrane rectum flexure- sacral, anorectal, lateral (superior, inferior, and intermediate) ```

Question 51

rectum- relations

Answer 51

``` female= recto-uterine pouch of Douglas males= rectovesicle ```

Question 52

rectum

Answer 52

lumbar spinal cord lumbrar splanchnic and hypogastric/plexuses s2-s4

Question 53

inguinal canal

Answer 53

2 opening | superficial (triangle defect apnorsis and the deep

Question 54

inguinal canal structure

Answer 54

``` males= spermatic cord, iloinguinal nerve females= round ligament of uterus ilioinguinal nerve ```

Question 55

sperm cord

Answer 55

external spermatic fascia= external oblique cremasteric fascia= internal oblique internal spermatic fascia= fascia transversalis

Question 56

anal canal

Answer 56

1.5 in long and passes downward and backwards from the rectal ampulla to the anus. except during defication, lateral walls and kept in appostion by the levatores ani muscle and anal sphincters competely extraperitaneal divided into an upper and lower half by the pectinate line