Block 4

Question 1

Aliphatic hydrocarbon:

Answer 1

physical properties of higher members of this class resemble those of the long carbon chain molecules we find in animal fats and plant oils. Greek: aleiphar= fat/oil

Question 2

Alkyl group:

Answer 2

a substituent group derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom.

Question 3

R-C-C-C
|
C

Answer 3

isobutyl

Question 4

C
|
R-C-C-C

Answer 4

sec-butyl

Question 5

C  
     |
R-C-C
     |
    C

Answer 5

tert-butyl

Question 6

C-C-C
|
C

Answer 6

isobutane

Question 7

C-C-C-C
|
C

Answer 7

isopentane

Question 8

Cyclic hydrocarbon:

Answer 8

a hydrocarbon that contains carbon atoms joined to form a ring.

Question 9

Cycloalkane:

Answer 9

a cyclic hydrocarbon in which all carbons of the ring are saturated.

Question 10

C=C

IUPAC name and common name

Answer 10

IUPAC - Ethene

Common - Ethylene

Question 11

C-C=C

IUPAC name and common name

Answer 11

IUPAC - Propene

Common - Propylene

Question 12

C
|
C-C=C
IUPAC and common name

Answer 12

IUPAC -2 methlpropene

Common name - Isobutylene

Question 13

C(triple bond)C

IUPAC name and common name

Answer 13

Ethyne

Acetylene

Question 14

C-C(triple bond)C

IUPAC name and common name

Answer 14

Propyne

Methylacetylene

Question 15

C-C(triple bond)C-C

IUPAC name and common name

Answer 15

2-butyne

dimethylacetylene

Question 16

Saturated hydrocarbon:

Answer 16

Each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogen bonded to it.

Question 17

Where do we obtain alkanes?

Answer 17

Natural gas and petroleum.

Question 18

Are alkanes polar or non-polar and why?

Answer 18

Non-polar. Electronegativity difference is too small. The interactions are very weak London dispersion forces.

Question 19

Are alkanes soluble in water? Why?

Answer 19

No, because they can’t form bonds with the hydrogens in water.

Question 20

Will alkanes sink or float in water? Why?

Answer 20

Float, because they are less dense than water.

Question 21

What kind of reaction is an alkane w/ a halogen?

Answer 21

A substitution reaction.

Question 22

What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? Why don’t we use them now? What do we use instead?

Answer 22

Aka freon. Used for refrigerators, industrial cleaning agents, and propellants for aerosol sprays.
We don’t use them because they ruin the ozone layer.
Hydrofluoralcarbons, and hydrochlorofluoralcarbons are used now because they dissipate before they reach the ozone.

Question 23

Thermal Cracking:

Answer 23

an industrial process to produce ethylene

–Ethane is thermally cracked by heating it to 800- 900° C for a fraction of second

Question 24

Constitutional isomers

Answer 24

Atoms and functional groups are joined together in different ways.

Question 25

Stereoisomers:

Answer 25

The bond structure is the same, but the geometrical positioning of atoms and functional groups in space differs.

Question 26

Achiral or Cis- trans isomers:

Answer 26

Orientation of functional groups in molecules without stereocenter.

Question 27

Chiral isomers:

Answer 27

in molecules having stereocenter.

Question 28

Explain Cis-Trans Isomerism in Vision

Answer 28

Beta-carotene, a precursor form of Vitamin A, obtained from plants and fruits. Beta-carotene is broken down into 2 molecules of vitamin A, also named as 11-cis-retinol. Hydroxyl group of carbon 15 is converted into aldehyde group, forming 11-cis retinal. The Retina is light detecting layer in the back of eyes. It contains rose colored visual pigments, Rhodopsin. Rhodopsin = 11-cis-retinal + a protein ‘Opsin’. Light changes 11-cis-retinal to 11-trans-retinal

Question 29

What is terpene?

Answer 29

A large compound whose carbon skeleton can be divided into five-carbon units identical to the carbon skeleton of isoprene. (C5H8) eg: essential oils, perfumes.

Question 30

Explain Polymerization

Answer 30

–Show the structure of a polymer by placing parentheses around the repeating monomer unit. –Place a subscript, n, outside the parentheses to indicate that this unit repeats n times. –The structure of a polymer chain can be reproduced by repeating the enclosed structure in both directions. –Attach a prefix poly- to name of monomer

Question 31

ortho

Answer 31

next carbon

Question 32

meta

Answer 32

after one carbon

Question 33

para

Answer 33

opposite carbon

Question 34

Autoxidation:

Answer 34

a reaction that converts an R-H group to an R-O-O-H (hydroperoxide) group.

Question 35

Radical:

Answer 35

An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron

Question 36

Effects of autoxidation.

Answer 36

Hydroperoxides: ●are unstable. ●Under biological conditions, they degrade to short-chain aldehydes and carboxylic acids with unpleasant "rancid" smells. ●Similar reactions in the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) deposited on the walls of arteries leads to cardiovascular disease in humans. ●Cell and tissue damage. ●Many effects of aging are the result of hydroperoxide formation and their subsequent degradation.

Question 37

What are BHT and BHA and what are they used for?

Answer 37

They are phenols as antioxidants. BHT and BHA are synthetic antioxidants, added to food to ‘retard spoilage’ by autoxidation

Question 38

Glycols:

Answer 38

compounds containing hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons | ●This term is used only in common name

Question 39

Nitroglycerin:

Answer 39

An explosive and a drug

Question 40

Explain Oxidation of Alcohols

Answer 40

- Oxidation of a 1° alcohol gives an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid, depending on the experimental condition: - oxidation of a 1° alcohol to a carboxylic acid is commonly carried out using potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, in aqueous sulfuric acid. - Potassium dichromate oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid is the basis for the original breath-alcohol screening test

Question 41

What is Halogenated ethers, enflurane and isoflurane, used for?

Answer 41

inhalation anesthetics

Question 42

Why do cyclopropals break up?

Answer 42

Because of strain, it breaks apart.

Question 43

Where do we use ethanol:

Answer 43

* Used in E85, which is a blend of up to 85% ethanol in gasoline * In alcoholic beverages * Laboratory and industrial solvent

Question 44

Where do we use Diethyl ether:

Answer 44

- laboratory and industrial solvent | - general anesthesia

Question 45

Where do we use Ethylene glycol:

Answer 45

* antifreeze * paints and plastic surgery * inks