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CSF block 4 > block 4 review deck > Flashcards

block 4 review deck Flashcards

1
Q

what results from the stimulation of phospholipase C?

A

in Gaq pathway
stimulation of phospholipase C results in increased IP3 and DAG
results in contraction

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2
Q

what is inhibited in striated mm at low calcium concentrations?

A

Pi dissociation is inhibited at low Ca concentrations

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3
Q

what structural protein is ONLY found in skeletal mm?

A

nebulin

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4
Q

what are the actions of caldesmon and calponin?

A

both participate in thin filament regulation in smooth mm, caldesmon (like TnT) and calponin (like TnI)

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5
Q

familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

defect in myosin HEAVY chain

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6
Q

when does “amplification” occur?

A

between signal reception and transduction

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7
Q

what is the action of cAMP in smooth muscle

A

cAMP activates protein kinase A

protein kinase A phosphorylates MLCK to inactivate it and causes relaxation

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8
Q

which G protein pathways are used in sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

parasympathetic- Gq - contraction

sympathetic- GaS- relaxation

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9
Q

what does cGMP regulate?

A

neurotransmission and smooth mm contraction

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10
Q

what does phospholamban regulate?

A

SERCA pumps
phosphorylated PLB- active SERCA
unphosphorylated PLB- inhibit SERCA

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11
Q

what activates eNOs?

A

increased ca concentration

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12
Q

what NT/receptor in Gq?

A

norepinephrine and a-adrenergic

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13
Q

what NT/receptor in GaS?

A

epinephrine and b-adrenergic

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14
Q

what NT/receptor in skeletal mm?

A

Ach and nicotinic receptors

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15
Q

what NT and receptor in cardiac mm?

A

norepinephrine and b-adrenergic

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16
Q

what is the action of protein kinase A?

A

activated by increased cAMP, promotes relaxation in smooth mm by inactivating MLCK

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17
Q

what is the action of protein kinase C?

A

activated by increased DAG, promotes contraction in smooth mm cells

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18
Q

what does elevated cAMP stimulate?

A

protein kinase a (relaxation)

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19
Q

what does elevated cGMP stimulate?

A

MLCP (relaxation)

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20
Q

what is a graded potential?

A

end plate potential thats amplitude will vary based on amount of neurotransmitter released

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21
Q

what synthesize Ach?

A

choline acetyltransferases (CAT)

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22
Q

why can skeletal mm cells generate AP with every release of ACh?

A

because of the arrangement of synaptic vesicles in active zones on pre-synaptic neuron and arrangement of post junctional folds in post-synaptic mm cells

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23
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune condition that destroys ACh receptors and will decrease end plate potential

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24
Q

what is the effect of botulinum and tetanus toxins

A

decrease release of ACh from vesicles

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25
Q

what is the effect of tubocarare?

A

inhibits ACh-receptors

will decrease end plate potential

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26
Q

what are multi-unit vs. single unit smooth muscles?

A

multi-unit- more innervation for finer control

single unit- less innervation, coarse movements

27
Q

what is the parasympathetic NT and receptor?

A

ACh, muscarinic receptor

28
Q

what is the sympathetic NT and receptor?

A

norepinephrine and b-adrengeric receptor

29
Q

rho-A kinase

A

ca-independent stimulation of smooth mm contraction through inhibition of MLCP

30
Q

which ion is most responsible for the upstroke in smooth mm contraction?

A

Ca

31
Q

which ion is responsible for the plateau in cardiac mm action potential?

A

Ca

32
Q

what is the action of AChE?

A

deactivates ACh to prevent multiple reactivations of ACh receptors

33
Q

calmodulin

A

calcium binding protein that activates MLCK and promotes contraction of smooth mm

34
Q

mechanism underlying steroid hormone action

A

depends upon specific intracellular receptor that, in turn, binds to DNA and affects transcription

35
Q

diphtheria toxin

A

inactivates the inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP levels, which will promote relaxation of smooth mm and also affect protein synthesis

36
Q

what is the “power stroke” in mm contraction

A

dissociation of Pi from actomyosin-ADP-Pi

37
Q

what type of filaments are associated with desmosomes?

A

intermediate filaments

38
Q

what is the effect of increasing nerve impulses to a single skeletal mm motor unit?

A

will increase the tension of the mm fibers so long as Ach is released

39
Q

what is the length constant and what affects it?

A

length constant is how far the end plate potential is propagated, directly proportional to axon width and membrane resistance

40
Q

what is the effect of myelination on the length constant

A

myelin increases resistance of the membrane and increases the length constant

41
Q

what is the effect of axon width on the length constant

A

wider axon, increased length constant

42
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory
(+) in or (-) out
leads to depolarization

43
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory
(+) out or (-) in
leads to hyper polarization

44
Q

what is multi-unit smooth mm composed of?

A

smooth mm cells that are NOT electrically coupled

45
Q

what type of mm exhibits slow wave changes in electrical and mechanical activity?

A

smooth mm

46
Q

what could be used to treat myasthenia gravis?

A

K channel blockers to prolong depol and increase the ACh present in synapse

47
Q

what accounts for the increased resting-length tension of cardiac mm compared to skeletal mm?

A

titin is shorter in cardiac mm than skeletal mm

48
Q

what occurs during striated mm contraction?

A

thick and thin filaments slide past each other

49
Q

what is the effect of increased calcium on force of contraction?

A

increase Ca, increase force of contraction

50
Q

why does an end plate potential occur?

A

because Na permeability becomes greater than K permeability

51
Q

what are the 2 proteins found on the membranes of NT vesicles in motor neurons?

A

H+/Ach exchanger (secondary AT)

H+ ATPase (primary ATP)

52
Q

which 2 substances provide passive-length tension in striated mm?

A

collagen and titin

53
Q

which protein is found on z-disc and dense bodies?

A

a-actinin

54
Q

what is active force proportional to?

A

the number of active cross bridges

55
Q

sequence for transmission of force from contractile proteins to extracellular space in cardiac mm

A 
motor proteins
z-line proteins 
cytoskeletal actin
focal contact proteins
connector proteins
extracellular matrix proteins
56
Q

what stabilizes actin in skeletal mm and is not found in smooth or cardiac mm?

A

nebulin

57
Q

why can smooth mm produce greater active force than cardiac mm?

A

side-polar arrangement of actiomyosin cross bridges

58
Q

what is the major components of the z-line?

A

a-actinin

59
Q

what is permitted when Ca binds to the thin filament in striated mm?

A

binding of Ca allows for phosphate to dissociate from actomyosin-ADP-Pi

ca also changes the position of tropomyosin to expose myosin binding sites on actin

60
Q

what forms latch bridges in smooth mm?

A

thought to be due to the slow rate of ADP dissociation from cross bridges after the power stroke

61
Q

spatial summation

A

summation of EPSPs from many presynaptic sources

62
Q

temporal summation

A

summation of EPSPs from one presynaptic source

63
Q

which type of skeletal mm is most fatiguable?

A

fast twitch type IIB/IIX

CSF block 4 (5 decks)

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