Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomed > Block 6_Chapter 26 (Urinary System) > Flashcards

Block 6_Chapter 26 (Urinary System) Flashcards

1
Q 
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are 
A) proximal capillaries. 
B) corticoradiate capillaries. 
C) vasa recta capillaries. 
D) efferent arterioles. 
E) peritubular capillaries.
A

E) peritubular capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
The renal veins drain into the 
A) abdominal aorta. 
B) renal arteries. 
C) inferior vena cava. 
D) segmental arteries. 
E) peritubular capillaries.
A

C) inferior vena cava.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.  
A) Glomerulonephritis
B) Floating kidney  
C) Polycystic kidney disease  
D) Pyelonephrosis  
E) Kidney stones
A

A) Glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium  
A) Clostridium difficile.  
B) varicella.  
C) Streptococcus.  
D) MRSA.  
E) All of the answers are correct.
A

Streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.  
A) Glomerulonephritis  
B) Polycystic kidney disease  
C) Calculus  
D) Renal failure  
E) Hematuria
A

B) Polycystic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Renal columns are
A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.
B) expanded ends of the ureters.
C) the basic functional units of the kidney.
D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

A

D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q 
The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the  
A) renal sinus.  
B) renal pelvis.  
C) renal calyx.  
D) renal hilum.  
E) renal corpuscle.
A

B) renal pelvis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Major calyces are
A) large branches of the renal pelvis.
B) expanded ends of nephrons.
C) basic functional layers of the kidney.
D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

A

A) large branches of the renal pelvis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the  
A) renal pyramid.  
B) nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
C) renal corpuscle.  
D) renal papilla.  
E) collecting tubule system.
A

C) renal corpuscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
The region known as the macula densa is part of  
A) the proximal convoluted tubule.  
B) the distal convoluted tubule.  
C) the collecting duct.  
D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
E) Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
A

B) the distal convoluted tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q 
The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the  
A) renal corpuscle.  
B) filtration membrane.  
C) nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
D) juxtaglomerular complex.  
E) afferent arteriole.
A

D) juxtaglomerular complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the following is not an important function of the kidney?
A) control of total body water
B) control of the electrolyte composition of the blood
C) excretion of excess albumen
D) control of production of red blood cells by bone marrow
E) regulation of blood pressure

A

C) excretion of excess albumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
The filtration of plasma takes place in the   
A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
B) distal convoluted tubule.  
C) papillary duct.  
D) renal corpuscle.  
E) ureter.
A

D) renal corpuscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the   
A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
B) proximal convoluted tubule.  
C) distal convoluted tubule.  
D) collecting duct.  
E) minor calyx.
A

B) proximal convoluted tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the  
A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
B) proximal convoluted tubule.  
C) distal convoluted tubule.  
D) papillary tubule.  
E) calyx
A

C) distal convoluted tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?
A) releases renin
B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration
C) final urine enters here
D) initial filtrate enters here
E) tip of the medullary pyramid

A

E) tip of the medullary pyramid?

C) final urine enters here?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q 
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ capillaries.
A) peritubular
B) glomerular
C) vasa recta
D) cortical
E) efferent
A

A) peritubular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers
A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores.
B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes.
C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.
D) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.
E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.

A

C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q 
The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of
A) arteries.
B) veins.
C) venules.
D) capillaries.
E) arterioles.
A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q 
Renal blood flow is about
A) 1 liter/min.
B) 2 liter/min.
C) 3 liter/min.
D) 4 liter/min.
E) 5 liter/min.
A

A) 1 liter/min.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
The renal threshold for glucose is approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mg/dl.  
A) 75  
B) 90  
C) 100  
D) 140  
E) 180
A

180

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except
A) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.
B) increase the glomerular filtration rate.
C) trigger renin release.
D) produce renal ischemia.
E) reduce blood flow to kidneys.

A

B) increase the glomerular filtration rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q 
Approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
A) 480
B) 180
C) 125
D) 18
E) 1.8
A

B) 180

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q 
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)
A) FP = BHP + CsHP - BCOP
B) FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
C) FP = CsHP + BHP - BCOP
D) FP = BCOP - BHP + CsHP
E) FP = BCOP + (BHP - CsHP)
A

B) FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
B) decrease secretion of aldosterone.
C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.
D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.
E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

A

A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by
A) blood pressure.
B) presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma.
C) constriction of the efferent arteriole.
D) protein in the filtrate.
E) filtrate in the capsular space.

A

B) presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
A) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
C) osmotic pressure of the urine.
D) capsular hydrostatic pressure.
E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

A

B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) the distal convoluted tubule.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

A

E) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q 
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of 
A) diffusion.  
B) facilitated diffusion.  
C) active transport.  
D) cotransport.  
E) countertransport
A

cotransport

30
Q 
Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of  
A) diffusion.  
B) facilitated diffusion.  
C) active transport.  
D) cotransport.  
E) countertransport.
A

countertransport

31
Q 
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by  
A) simple diffusion.  
B) facilitated diffusion.  
C) active transport.  
D) cotransport with Na and K ions.  
E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion
A

D) cotransport with Na and K ions.

32
Q

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves
A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis.
B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.
C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
D) an increase in facultative water reabsorption.
E) All of the answers are correct

A

E

33
Q

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate.
A) The first statement is true but the second statement is false.
B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true.
C) Both statements are true.
D) Both statements are false.
E) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

A

E) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

34
Q 
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
A) excessive ADH secretion.
B) absence of ADH.
C) hematuric oliguria.
D) overproduction of aldosterone.
E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.
A

B) absence of ADH.

35
Q

Antidiuretic hormone
A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.
C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.
D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

A

A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

36
Q

If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true?
A) Its pH is below normal.
B) It will have the odor of ammonia.
C) It will contain large amounts of urobilin.
D) It will contain excess chloride ion.
E) It will have a low pH.

A

C) It will contain large amounts of urobilin.

37
Q 
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include  
A) hydrogen ions.  
B) penicillin.  
C) creatinine.  
D) potassium ions.
E) All of the answers are correct.
A

E) All of the answers are correct.

38
Q 
Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion:  
A) water 
B) glucose 
C) hydrogen ions 
D) sodium ions 
E) All of the answers are correct.
A

C) hydrogen ions

39
Q 
Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate? 
A) chloride ions 
B) water 
C) protein 
D) urea 
E) glucose
A

C) protein

40
Q 
Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains 
A) hydrogen ions.
B) water. 
C) nutrients. 
D) urea.
E) All of the answers are correct.
A

E) All of the answers are correct.

41
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?
A) relies on countercurrent multiplication
B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration
C) enables production of hypertonic urine
D) site of obligatory water reabsorption.
E) All of the answers are correct.

A

E) All of the answers are correct.

42
Q

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
A) a concentrated urine is produced.
B) less urine is produced.
C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
D) permeability to water in the collecting system increases.
E) water reabsorption increases in the loop of Henle.

A

C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

43
Q 
Agents that increase urine excretion are known as  
A) diuretics.  
B) muscarinic antagonists.  
C) alpha-1 antagonists.  
D) calcium channel blockers.  
E) ADH agonists.
A

diuretics

44
Q

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
A) a larger volume of urine.
B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
E) urine with less glucose.

A

D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

45
Q

Nephron diagram:

Where would penicillin be secreted?  
A) 6  
B) 5  
C) 4  
D) 3  
E) 3 and 4
A

5 (DCT)

46
Q

Nephron diagram:

Where does secretion mostly occur? 
A) 5 
B) 1 
C) 3 
D) 4 
E) 2
A

5 (DCT)

47
Q 
Where does obligatory water reabsorption occur? 
A) 5 
B) 2 
C) 3 
D) 4 
E) 1
A

4 (PCT)

48
Q 
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium.  
A) stratified squamous  
B) pseudostratified columnar  
C) simple cuboidal  
D) transitional  
E) simple columnar
A

transitional

49
Q

The detrusor muscle
A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis.
B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter.
D) functions as the external urinary sphincter.
E) surrounds the renal pelvis.

A

B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

50
Q 
An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is  
A) glomerulonephritis.  
B) polycystic kidney disease.  
C) calculi.  
D) renal failure.  
E) hematuria.
A

D) renal failure.

51
Q

During the micturition reflex,
A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.
B) parasympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active.
C) the internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed.
D) the external sphincter is consciously relaxed.
E) All of the answers are correct

A

E) All of the answers are correct

52
Q

Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following, except
A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons.
B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate).
C) increased sensitivity to ADH.
D) problems with the micturition reflex.
E) loss of sphincter muscle tone

A

C) increased sensitivity to ADH.

53
Q 
Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree, except the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ system.  
A) urinary  
B) integumentary  
C) digestive  
D) endocrine  
E) respiratory
A

D) endocrine

54
Q

Urine is temporarily stored in the ________.

A

urinary bladder

55
Q

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the ________.

A

urethra

56
Q

Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops

A

cortex

57
Q

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________.

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

58
Q

The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

A

vasa recta

59
Q

The concentration at which all of the carriers for a given substance are saturated is the ________.

A

tubular maximum or Tm

60
Q

The ________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine.

A

renal threshold

61
Q

The filtration pressure at the glomerulus is equal to ________.

A

blood hydrostatic pressure – (capsular hydrostatic pressure + blood colloid osmotic pressure)

62
Q

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the ________.

A

GFR

63
Q

The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate

A

creatinine clearance

64
Q

The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.

A

facilitated diffusion

65
Q

A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is ________.

A

active transport

66
Q

In the process of ________ two substances are moved across a cell membrane in the same direction without directly using cellular energy. One of the substances can be moved against a concentration gradient by this process

A

cotransport

67
Q

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the ________.

A

trigone

68
Q

Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal ________.

A

calculi

69
Q

List each organ of the urinary system and concisely describe its function.

A
  • Consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
  • The urinary system has three primary functions:
    (1) excretion, the removal of organic waste products from body fluids
    (2) elimination, the discharge of these waste products into the environment
    (3) homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma.

The excretory and homeostatic regulation functions of the urinary system are performed by the two kidneys that produce urine, a fluid containing water, ions, and small soluble compounds. Urine leaving the kidneys flows along paired tubes called ureters to the urinary bladder, a muscular sac for temporary storage of urine. On being forced out of the urinary bladder, urine passes through the urethra to the exterior. The urinary bladder and the urethra are responsible for the elimination of urine, a process called urination or micturition

70
Q

In glomerulonephritis, the normal filtration barrier is damaged and becomes far more permeable to plasma proteins, such as albumin along with other solutes. How would that affect glomerular filtration?

A

GFR would go up for two reasons.

(1) The leakage of protein into the capsular filtrate will lower the effectiveness of BCOP and thus raise the net filtration pressure.
(2) Filtration will increase also because of the increased leakiness of the glomerulus to water, ions, and other solutes. A distinct proteinuria will appear, and the loss of protein will lower BCOP, making matters worse and promoting edema formation in the peripheral tissues.

71
Q

What is the creatinine clearance test? How can it be used to estimate GFR? How accurate is it?

A

This test relies on measuring total creatinine excreted in the urine in 24 hours and measuring the plasma concentration of creatinine.
Since essentially none of the filtered load is returned to bloodstream, the amount in the urine relates directly to the volume of blood that filtered in the glomeruli.
GFR can be calculated by dividing creatinine excretion rate (mg/hr) by plasma concentration of creatinine (g/dL) to get the GFR in dL/hour, from which the per-minute rate is calculated by dividing by 60.
The test is not entirely accurate because up to 15 percent of the excreted creatinine enters the urine by tubular secretion.

72
Q

Physicians often ask for urine samples collected over a 24-hour period, rather than a single sample. Why?

A

Often the information needed for a diagnosis is the amount of a substance being lost per day and not simply its concentration in the urine. Because the amount of water present in the urine varies throughout the day, the only reliable way to estimate quantities per day is measure both average concentration (g/ml) and the total volume (ml/day). The product of these two quantities is the amount per day (g/day). An example of a clinical test that relies on analysis of a 24-hour urine is the creatinine clearance test, a measure of GFR.

Biomed (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions