Block 7 Flashcards by Richard Burton

What are the four common internet working challenges ?

Connectivity

Reliable service

Network management

Flexibility

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This is a collection of individual networks, connected by intermediate networking devices that function as as single large network

Internetworks

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This is a portion of the network, limited by its router connection to a specific group of host computers in a common LAN segment

Broadcast domain

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This is a set of rules and conventions that governs how computers and other network entities exchange info over a network medium …

Protocol

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A group of devices connected to the same physical media so that when two devices try to access the media at the same time, the two signals will collide with each other and destroy the data stream

Collision domain

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A portion of the network, limited by its router connection to a specific group of host computers in a common LAN segment

Broadcast domain

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All hosts in the broadcast domain share a common logical network layer addressing scheme( directed broadcast ) also called what ..?

Subnet

AKA VLAN

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What is used to breakup or segment the classful network 172.16.0.0/16 into smaller broadcast domains ( also called subnets ) allowing for more efficient use of the address space

The Router

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The worlds most popular open-system (nonproprietary) protocol suite because they can be used to communicate across any set of interconnected networks and are equally well suited for LAN and WAN communications

Internet protocols

Aka TCP/IP protocol suite

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Routers have ___________ data-link addresses

Multiple

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Routers work in what layer of the OSI model ?

Network layer
Or
Layer 3

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What do routers do ?

Path determination and pack switching

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In routers what is assigned to each interface , for each protocol supported ?

A network address

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These protocols build routing tables

Routing protocols

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These protocols encapsulate data to be sent over the network

Routed protocols

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What is the other name for routed protocols ?

Network protocol

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These are protocols within a protocol suite that are responsible for providing the logical addressing that routers use to determine where to send the data packet on its way to the destination network.

Routed protocols

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Examples of routed protocols are ….?

TCP/IP
AppleTalk
DECnet
OES

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This is a network-layer protocol that combines addressing information and some control information that enables packets to be routed.

Most common

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What are the two primary responsibilities of IP?

Providing connectionless, best effort delivery

fragmentation and reassembly of (MTU) sizes

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This protocol was designed for the process of mapping IP network addresses to Media Access Control (MAC) addresses.

Address resolution protocol (ARP)

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Protocols that enable network devices to learn the MAC and network layer addresses of other network devices
Keep Alives

Hello Protocols

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This is a network-layer Internet management Protocol that provides message packets to report errors and other info regarding IP packet processing back to the source.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

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Network layer protocols that are responsible for path determination and packet (traffic) switching.

Routing protocols

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What are some of Internet routing protocols ?

Routing information protocol(RIP) Interior Gateway routing protocol(IGRP) Open shortest path first (OSPF) Enhanced interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP) Border gateway protocol (BGP)

True or false: ip routing protocols are dynamic

True

This is defined as a collection of networks under a common administration that share a common routing strategy. Example: internal networks within an air force base.

Autonomous system

These routers are used for information exchange within autonomous system.

Interior gateway protocols

These routers move information between autonomous systems.

Exterior Gateway routers

This is defined as an IP address on a layer 3 network device that serves as an access point to or from a network.

Default gateway

The act of moving information across a packet switching internetwork from a source to a destination .

Routing

What are the two basic activities that routing does ?

Determining optical routing paths Transporting data packets through an internetwork

Bridging/switching occurs at what layer ?

Layer 2 the Data-link layer

Routing occurs at what level in the OSI model ?

Layer 3 the network layer

These are used to connect on LAN segment to another LAN segment within a routing domain that is also called and Administrative domain(interior gateway services) and to connect an administrative area to other remote areas (exterior gateway services) through WAN connections.

Routers

What are the two major functions of routers ?

Path determination( decision making process) Packet switching (action process)

What does a router use to best decide how and where to forward packets across the internetwork?

Routing table

These are a standard of measurement, such as path length, that is used by routing algorithms to determine the optimal path to a destination....

Routing metrics

These initialize and maintain routing tables

Routing algorithms

R 175.21.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:00:18, serial0/0 What does the R stand for ?

The route entry in this case it was RIP

R 175.21.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:00:18, serial0/0 What does the 172.21.0.0/16 stand for ?

The network address and prefix length

R 175.21.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:00:18, serial0/0 What does the [120 stand for ?

The administrative distance of the route.

R 175.21.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:00:18, serial0/0 What does /1] stand for ?

The metric of the route specific to the routing protocol used to determine the route . RIP uses hops as its metric.

R 175.21.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:00:18, serial0/0 What does via 10.10.10.1 stand for in the routing table ?

The next hop address for the route.this is the address that the packet will need to be sent to( the next router ) in order for the packet to reach its destination

R 175.21.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:00:18, serial0/0 What does 00:00:18 stand for in the routing table ?

The length of time since the route has been updated in the routing table. In this example it was 18 seconds ago.

R 175.21.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:00:18, serial0/0 What does the serial0 stand for in the routing table ?

The interface the route was learned through. This is also the interface for the packet will be switched to in order for the packet to be forwarded toward its destination

A message that generally consists of sending a whole routing table to all directly connected neighbor routers.

Broadcast (routing update message)

A message sent between routers throughout the network to inform other routers of the state of the senders links.

Multicast (link-state advertisement)

What are the two main causes for packets to be destroyed?

A congested router that does not have the space in its buffers to handle the packet and it discards it ..., or There is a temporarily unusable connection to the receiving computer

Routers can be categorized into two parts what are they ?

Internal and External components

These components are the physical connections to the router . Examples are console port, aux port, and network interfaces

External components

This external port allows you to configure the router locally by providing direct access to the router using a computer running terminal emulation software

Console port

This external component allows you to configure the router remotely using a modem. This port must be configured before you can use it. You can configure this port thru the console port or any of its network interfaces.

Auxiliary port

This external component is located on the motherboard or on separate interface modules.

Network interfaces

What are the four internal components of a router ?

ROM FLASH MEMORY NVRAM RAM

This is where the diagnostic and boot up routines are stored ....

ROM

This is the manufacturer memory that holds the internetwork operating system (IOS)

Flash memory

This is used to store the startup-configuration file.

NVRAM

This is the working memory for the router; it contains the running-configuration file, a copy of the IOS, the routing tables, and any associated data required by the routing process.

RAM

Routing involves what two basic activities?

Determination of optimal paths And the transport of packets through an internetwork

This is manually defined by the System administrator as the only path to the destination ...

Static route

This is a router to which all non-routable packets are sent. Aka gateway of last resort

Default Route

This is defined as a network that is not listed in the router's routing table.

Non routable

This is a network layer protocol that exchanges information packets with other internetwork routers in order to build and maintain a routing table

Routing protocol

This is the most common routing metric

Path length

This is another routing metric but refers to the dependability of each network link

Reliability

This refers to the length of time required to move a packet from source to destination through the internetwork.

Delay

This refers to the available traffic capacity of a link

Bandwidth

This refers to the degree to which a network resource, such as a router,is busy

Load

These initialize and maintain routing tables.

Algorithms

This type of algorithm supports multiple paths to the same destination by load balancing or load sharing

Multi path algorithms

In this algorithm the routers are peers of all the other. Sometimes considered the classful routing

Flat algorithms

This routing structure is called classless routing and supports VLSM

Hierarchical algorithms

A large network consists of what two area groupings

Intra-means inside And Inter-which means between

Works with interior gateway protocols like RIP,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF and IS-IS Works only within a routing domain

Intramural-Domain algorithm

This algorithm is used between autonomous systems and is used with exterior gateway protocols

Inter-domain algorithms

This algorithm calls for each router to send all of its routing table, but only to neighbors by way of Limited broadcast -255.2.55.255.255 that routers are designed not to pass

Distance vector

Is distance vector classful or classless ?

Classful

This algorithm is known as the shortest path algorithm and "sees" the entire path to the destination network ensuring the path is valid and is the best path available.

Link state algorithm

This is considered a pure distance vector routing protocol

RIP

Maximum hop count for RIP?

Cisco proprietary protocol and what is the hop count for this protocol ?

IGRP and max hop count is 255 but the average is a 100

This link state protocol only sends info which describes the state of its own links to all the routers within the same hierarchical area.

OSPF

This is a collection of networks under a common administration that share a common routing strategy. Can be divided into areas,which are groups of neighboring networks and attached hosts

Autonomous System

This is responsible for distributing routing information between areas.

Backbone

This is used in OSPF To acquire neighbors, which are routers with interfaces to a common network

Hello protocol

When a router discovers a new neighbors address and interface where does it go?

Neighborship database

This is essentially an overall picture of networks in relationship to routers. Contains LSAs received from all routers in the same area

Topological database

What is called when two neighbor routers are synchronized?

Adjacent

This router is responsible for generating LSAs for the entire area so only one router is responsible for sending multicast updates.

Designated router

This uses information from the topological database to calculate entries for insertion into the routing table

SPF algorithms

This is a Cisco proprietary protocol often referred to as a "balanced hybrid" because it combines the advantages of link-state protocols with distance vector protocols.

EIGRP

Used by routers to dynamically learn about other routers on their directly attached networks.

Neighbor discovery/recovery

This is responsible for guaranteed, ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all neighbors....

Reliable transport protocol (RTP)

This embodies the decision process of all route computations by tracking all routes advertised by all neighbors Uses successors and feasible successors

DUAL finite-state machine

This is the best path,least cost path to the destination that is guaranteed not to be part of a loop.

Successor

This is the backup best path ....

Feasible successor

This EIGRP routing concept maintains a separate set of neighbor tables,topology tables and routing tables contains the info that applies to a specific protocol such as IP,IPX,IPv6 or AppleTalk

Protocol-dependent Modules (PDM)

This contains all the destinations advertised by neighboring routers

Topology tables

Thai is when the router is NOT performing a re computation.... It is what state ?

Passive

What state is the route when the router is performing recomputation ?

Active state

Block 7 Flashcards

(101 cards)