Block 7 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
McKenzie
A
Peripheralization
Centralization
Postural syndrome - normal tissues
Dysfunction syndrome - mechanically shortened tissue (tx with mvmnt that produces pain)
Derangement syndrome - follows periph/cent principle (tx with cent mvmnt)
2
Q
Mulligan
A
Therapist applied accessory mvmnts that are combined with physiological NEVER CAUSE PAIN MWM NAG - natural apop glide SNAG - sustained (with active movement)
3
Q
Prokaryotes
A
no nucleus, no circular DNA, cell walls made with petidoglycan
4
Q
gram positive vs. gram negaitve
A
Positive = purple, thick peptidoglycan layer Negative = red, thin layer - has outer membrane too though with LPS
5
Q
Sterilization
A
Destroys all - even spores Moist heat (autoclaving) Dry heat Radiation Ethylene oxide gas Filtration
6
Q
Cellulitis
A
Can’t tell involved vs. uninvolved tissue
Usually GAS or staph
7
Q
MRSA = resistant to
A
betalactams (penicillin)
Hospital acquired
Tx with vancomycin
8
Q
Viruses = need
A
Host for replication!
9
Q
HSV
A
Has a latent period
Tx = acyclovir
10
Q
HSV 1 vs. HSV 2
A
Oral = 1 Genital = 2
11
Q
Varicella zoster
A
Varicella = chicken pox = primary Zoster = shingles = reactivation
12
Q
Hep
A
A = fecal/oral - no long term prob, VACCINE B = BLOOD contact or sex, VACCINE C = BLOOD or sex, no vaccine!!!
13
Q
HIV/AIDs
A
Mostly through sex
CD4 < 200 for diagnosis of AIDS
14
Q
Tinea corporis
A
ring worm
Typically on trunk but can be anywhere
15
Q
General targets for antibiotics
A
Cell wall/membrane
Protein synthesis
DNA/RNA synthesis
16
Q
Beta lactams include
A
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Monobactams
Carbapenems
A lot of bacteria become resistance to beta lactams
17
Q
Cell wall inhibitors
A
Penicillin (hypersens) Cephalosporins Monobactams Carbapenams (hypoten) Vancomycin Bacitracin Polymyxin B
18
Q
Protein synthesis inhibitors
A
Aminoglycosides (end in mycin - nephron/oto toxicity)
Tetracycline (impair growth, avoid in preg F and kids)
19
Q
DNA/RNA synthesis inhibitors
A
Rifamycin
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprin
Fluoroquinolones (tendons)
20
Q
Levator ani includes
A
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis
Iliococcygeus
21
Q
PFM includes
A
Levator ani and coccygeus
22
Q
PFM - fast vs. slow
A
70% slow twitch and 30% fast
23
Q
Obturator internus
A
ER
Palpate with pressure medially towards ischial tub
24
Q
Piriformis
A
Above 60 flex is an IR and abd
Otherwise = ER
25
Sphincters - which is only in males
IUS - involuntary - contracts to prevent retrograde ejaculation
26
Sphincters
EUS - 70% invol, 30% volun (control with pee)
IAS - involuntary (20% resting tone)
EAS - voluntary - control defecation
27
WH - general innervations
```
Somatics = PFM and external sphicnters S2-4
Sympathetics = internal sphinc = STORE - T11 - L2
Parasymp = smooth mm relax (PEE) - S2 - S4
```
28
Anorectal angle
Puborecatlis maintains anorectal angle at 90 degrees
Increase angle = poop
Decreased angle = harder to poop
29
Normal amount of voiding in 24 hours
5-7
```
Mild = 7 to 9 with min to no urgency
Mod = 10+ with urgency
```
30
Functional incontinence
Unable to reach restroom due to movement limitations
31
Preg - Estrogen functions to
Increase uterus/breast size
| Relax ligaments
32
Preg - relaxin peaks
in 1st trimester and stays elevated
Inhibits uterine contraction
Relaxes ligaments
33
Preg - progesterone
smooth mm relaxation
Hyperventilation
Inc core temp
34
CV changes with preg
Blood volume inc 50%
HR, SV, CO increase
Inc venous pressure
Aorta partially occluded in supine
35
Pulmonary changes with preg
```
Stretching of ribcage out and up
Inc secretions
Inc hyperventilation
Inc work of breathing
Dyspnea earlier with exercise
```
36
MS changes
```
Abdominal mm stretched
PFM damage
Joint hypermobility
Postural changes (inc kyphosis, GH IR,, pec tight, weak scap)
```
STRETCH GASTROCS FOR ALL PREG W
37
Stages of birthing
Labor
Delivery
Afterbirth
Always make sure to ask how long stage 2 was
38
Exercise and preg
HUGE FALL RISK!
But ex can overall be continued
Exercise and fitness leads to faster recovery and potentially healthier baby
39
Exercise and preg guidelines
Reg/mod intensity for 30 min or more dailry
Avoid more than 5 min of supine
Stop when fatigued - never ex to exhaustion
40
CRH -
ACTH - adrenal cortex - cortisol, aldosterone
Cushings (high)
Addisons (low)
41
TRH -
TSH - thyroid gland - T3 and T4
Hyperthyroidism (graves)
Hypothyroidism (hashimoto)
TRH also - PRL - breast tissue to increase milk production
42
GnRH -
FSH and LH - testes and ovaries
43
GHRH
| GHIH
RH - inc GH
IH - dec GH
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Dwarfism
44
Steroid hormones
```
derived from cholesterol
fat soluble
Adrenal (cortisol, aldosterone)
Gonadal (test, est, prog)
Vit D
```
Bind to receptors inside the cell
45
Water soluble hormones
Catecholamines (from adrenal med - Epi, NE)
| Bind to receptors on cell membrane
46
What inhibits prolactin release
Dopamine! (PIH)
47
Post pit
ADH/Vasopressin
| Oxytocin
48
Thyroid disroders always have ____ effects
CARDIAC
49
Increase blood glucose levels = secrete
Insulin (from beta cells) to dec blood glucose
50
Decrease in blood glucose = secretion of
GLucagon (from alpha cells)
51
Type 1 DM
beta cells can't produce insulin
| Can see ketoacidosis - life threatening
52
Type 2 DM
```
Cells become insulin resistant
Polyuria because of increased osmotic load in BV
Hyperglycemia
Plyphagia
Tri neuropathy
```
53
PTH
activated release when Ca is low
Requires active vit D to promote Ca resorption from bone
Hypocalcemia - hypoPTH - hyperexcitability of the mm and nerves (tetany, CHF, seizures, arrhythmias)
Hypercalcema - hyperPTH - hypoexcitability of the mm and nerves (fatigue, weak, constipation)
54
Calcitonin
Released by thyroid gland when Ca is too high
| Dec activity of PTH and dec bone resorption
55
Vit D
Have to have it to uptake Ca from the gut
Inc Ca and P concentrations in the plasma
Promotes PTH function of osteoclasts and bone resorption
56
Leukopenia
Dec WBC
below 1000 = risk for infection
below 500 = life threatening
57
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Most common leukemia in children
| ALL
58
Acute myelogenous leukemia
Most common leukemia in adults
| AML
59
Hodgkins lymphoma - diagnostic characteristic
Reed Sternberg Cells (Owl eyes)!!!
Very survivable , causes pruritis, no CNS effects, pain, night sweats, usually young men
60
Non hodgkins -
Not as predictable as HL
Might have neuro s/s
Spreads to visceral structures
61
Sickle cell anemia
Autosomal recessive
Abnormal form of hemoglobin
RBCs change shape as they de oxygenize
62
Most common anemia
Iron deficiency
63
Fat soluble vitamisn
```
A
E
K
D
Can be toxic
```
64
Cell types of the epidermis
Keratinocytes (primary)
Melanocytes
Langerhan
Merkel
65
Blister = damage to
Basement membrane
66
Dermis made of
Papillary and Reticular (deeper)
67
Epidermis made of (sup to deep)
```
Cornuem
Lucidum (only palms and soles)
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
```
68
Dermis cell types
Fibroblasts (primary)
Macrophages
Mast
69
Sweat glands
Apocrine - puberty
| Eccrine - activity/temp
70
Stages of wound healing
Inflammatory (0 to 4 days)
Proliferation/Granulation (4 to 21 days)
Remodeling/Maturation (21 days to 2 months)
71
What pressure is required to obstruct blood flow in capillary bed
32 mmHg
72
Venous ulcer
Medial
Hemosiderin
Irregular wound margin
Lipodermatosclerosis
COMPRESSION
73
Arterial ulcer
```
Symmetrical margins
Pain
Dry
Pale wound bed
Diminished pulses
Skin shiny, red, hairless
```
NO COMPRESSION! CHECK ABI
74
Non selective debridement
Mechanical (whirlpool, scrubbing, wet to dry, pulsed lavage)
Surgical
Non enzymatic
Take viable and non viable
75
Selective debridement
Sharp
Autolytic
Enzymatic
76
Zones with burns
Central zone of coagulation - tissue is dead
Zone of stasis - critical zone - can reverse with tx
Zone of hyperemia - zone will recover
77
Rule of nines - adult vs. child
```
Head = 9%
Chest and back = EACH 18%
Each arm = 9%
Each leg = 18%
Perineum = 1%
```
Child Head = 18%
Each leg is 13.5%
78
Short stretch bandage
Low resting, high acting working pressure
79
Long stretch bandage
Low acting, high resting
80
Buoyancy
Archimedes principle
When immersed in water, body will experience an upward thrust equal to the weight of fluid that was displaced
Center of B = T11
81
Unloading with water depths
C7 - 90% unloaded
Xiphoid - 60%
Umbillicus - 50%
82
Relative density - body vs. water
Body is less than water so we tend to float
Fat people float more than muscular people
Fat (0.8) Muscle (1.5)
83
Hydrostatic pressure
Pascals law
When body is immersed in water, there is a pressure exerted by the fluid on the tissues at rest
The deeper the body part, the greater the pressure
84
Hydrostatic vs. venous pressure
Hydrostatic pressure greter than venous = will decrease edema
Can also make it harder to breathe
Inc SV and CO
85
Viscostiy
Friction between water molecules that cause resistance to flow
Creates turbulence
Faster you move in water - the more resistance
86
Contraindications to aquatics
```
Tubes/lines/trach
Open wounds
Environmental communicable disease
Ejection fraction less than 25%
Vital capacity less than 1.5 L
Immuno compromised
Seizures
Renal disease
```
