Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase I: ALS > Block 9 > Flashcards

Block 9 Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

acute

A

recent
rapid onset
likely short duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chronic

A

persistent

longstanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

risk factor

A

confers increased risk of disease development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

predisposition

A

increased susceptibility to developing disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pathogenesis

A

the mechanism resulting in clinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

premalignant

A

something that will probably transform into invasive malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

aetiology

A

the cause of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

disease

A

consequences of failed homeostasis

has potential to impair function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

disease mechanism

A

the way in which homeostasis is disturbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primary disease

A

arises spontaneously

not associated with or caused by previous disease or injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

secondary disease

A

follows and result from an earlier disease, injury or event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

benign tumour

A

uncontrolled focal proliferation of well differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

malignant tumour

A

cancerous
invasive
has metastatic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of necrosis

A
  • coagulative
  • colliquative / liquéfaction
  • caseating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of nuclear morphology

A
  • pyknosis
  • karyolysis
  • karyorrhexis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

karyhorrhexis

A

the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pyknosis

A

the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis (followed by karyorrhexis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

karyolysis

A

dissolution of cell nucleus, particularly during mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size and number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

metaplasia

A

conversion of one type of differentiated tissue into another tissue type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal cytological appearance and tissue architecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

transdifferentiation

A

one cell type converting into another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
hydrostatic pressure
drives fluid out of blood vessels and into other tissues (under physiological conditions)
26
colloid osmotic pressure
a function of protein concentration | pulls fluid back into blood vessels from tissues (under physiological conditions)
27
oedema
abnormal increase of fluid in interstitial tissue space
28
causes of oedema
- increased hydrostatic pressure - decreased colloid osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction - sodium retention - inflammation
29
haemorrhage
extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture
30
arterial thrombus
platelet-rich mass formed within arterial system
31
venous thrombus
fibrin- and erythrocyte-rich mass formed within venous system
32
embolism
solid, liquid or gaseous mass carried in the blood to a site distant from the point of origin
33
hyperaemia
an adaptive process involving an increase in blood volume in the microvasculature of a specific tissue in response to a change in the environment
34
congestion
- a maladaptive process involving an increase in blood volume in the microvasculature of a specific tissue due to impaired venous return from the area - can be due to physical obstruction or physical insufficiency
35
shock
systemic hypoperfusion resulting in hypotension, cellular dysoxia, increased anaerobic respiration and lactic acidosis
36
types of shock
- cardiogenic - hypovolaemic - distributive / vasodilatory - obstructive
37
types of distributive / vasodilatory shock
- anaphylactic - neurogenic - septic
38
liquid-filled dermal lesions
- blister - vesicle - bulla - pustule
39
solid dermal lesions
- papule - plaque - nodule - wheal
40
dermal lesions of altered colour
- macule - patch - naevus - erythema
41
dermal scaling
shedding of cornfield layer | sometimes due to imbalance between production and loss
42
dermal callus
hyperplasia of epidermis following pressure or friction
43
dermal erosion
loss of superficial epidermis
44
dermal ulcer
loss of epidermis and papillary dermis
45
bruising
extravasation of blood into dermis
46
process of wound healing
haemostasis > inflammation > fibroplasia > epithelialisation > remodelling
47
virus
obligate intracellular parasite
48
nucleocapsid
viral genome contained in a protein capsule
49
virion
infective viral particle
50
naked enveloped viruses
- e.g. rotavirus, norovirus - stable in face of environment stress - kills host cell to spread so spreads easily - generally survives the gut
51
enveloped viruses
- e.g. HIV, ebola, influenza - must stay wet to remain infectious - very sensitive to detergent because the envelope is a membrane - can spread via budding instead of host cell lysis
52
types of viral proteins
- proteins to make progeny - enzymes for genome replication - proteins to interfere with host immune defences
53
on which characteristics are viruses classified?
- type of nucleic acid in genome - polarity of genome - replication method
54
stages of the infectious viral cycle
- attachment - penetration - uncoating - replication - assembly - release
55
why are viral infections prevalent, persistent and problematic?
- few effective drugs due to resistance and innovation problems - high mutagenic rates - public health issues e.g. sanitation, decreasing vaccine uptake - latent and persistent infections - non-human carriers
56
influenza
- enveloped - spiked - ssRNA(-) - aerosol droplet transmission
57
norovirus
- naked - ssRNA(-) - enteric transmission
58
hepatitis C
- enveloped - ssRNA(+) - percutaneous transmission (small chance of mucosal and perinatal) - linked to HCC
59
HIV
- enveloped - ssRNA(+) retrovirus - percutaneous, mucosal and perinatal transmission
60
EBV
- type 4 HHV - enveloped - dsDNA - associated with Hodgkins lymphoma and Burkitts lymphoma - salivary transmission
61
methods of viral transmission
- respiratory: aerosol droplet, saliva - enteric - contact: mucosal, cutaneous - percutaneous: blood-borne, arboviruses - mother to child: congenital, perinatal - zoonoses: ingestion, bites

Phase I: ALS (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions