Block 9 Disease processes

Question 1

What differentiates a malignant lesion from a benign lesion

Answer 1

the ability to invade and or metastasise

Question 2

Is Eosin an acidic or a basic dye

Answer 2

acidic

Question 3

Acidic dyes stain basic components such as…

Answer 3

proteins

Question 4

A disease which causes caseous necrosis

Answer 4

Tuberculosis

Question 5

Granulomas seen in tuberculosis are characterised by what type of cells

Answer 5

Epitheloid and langerhan giant cells

Question 6

Example of a pathology that may give rise to liquefactive necrosis

Answer 6

Brain trauma e.g. stroke

Question 7

Contrast hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Answer 7

Hypertrophy = increase in cell size 
Hyperplasia = Increase in cell number

Question 8

List the contents of the dermis

Answer 8

Sebaceous glands, merocrine glands, sonsory nerves and small blood vessels

Question 9

What is the embryonic origin of melanocytes ?

Answer 9

Neural crest cells

Question 10

Intraepidermal macrophages are also known as

Answer 10

Langerhans cells

Question 11

Some bacteria contain siderophores, what does this virulence factor enable bacteria to do

Answer 11

High affinity iron chelating compounds enable bacteria to obtain essential nutrients

Question 12

What is the effect of the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum

Answer 12

Inhibition of acetylcholine release

Question 13

What class of antibiotic is gentamicin

Answer 13

Aminoglycoside

Question 14

What is the mechanism of action of macrolide antibiotics

Answer 14

50s ribosome inhibitors

Question 15

How may bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 15

Horizontal gene transfer or conjugation

Mutations

Question 16

Suggest some endogenous pyrogens

Answer 16

IL-1, IL-6 –> trigger prostaglandin release –> acts on hypothalamus

Question 17

Burkitt’s Lymphoma is associated with which virus

Answer 17

Epstein-Barr

Question 18

Mechanism of action of acyclovir

Answer 18

Inhibition of herpes virus DNA polymerase

Question 19

What is the predominant cell type in chronic inflammation

Answer 19

Lymphocytes

Question 20

What is the predominant cell type in acute inflammation

Answer 20

Neutrophils

Question 21

What is transudate

Answer 21

Extravascular fluid passed through a membrane extruded from tissues in contrast to exudate it has high fluidity and low protein

Question 22

Mechanism of action of tenofovir

Answer 22

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Question 23

Example of a deep mycoses following inhalation of fungus

Answer 23

Aspergillis

Question 24

How do Polyenes work

Answer 24

Bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane causing formation of pores leading to potassium leakage

Question 25

Parasite spread by Tsete fly

Answer 25

African trypanosomiasis

Question 26

Describe the stages in the development of an atheromatous plaque

Answer 26

macrophages digest oxidised LDL --> foam cells Inflammation Endothelial cell thickening Wall stiffening becoming less compliant to stretching

Question 27

Define sarcoma

Answer 27

Neoplasm of mesenchymal origin

Question 28

Define carcinoma

Answer 28

Neoplasm of epithelial origin

Question 29

Define the term Bullae

Answer 29

Large fluid filled blister greater than 0.5cm

Question 30

Define the term wheals

Answer 30

Transient raised lesions due to oedema

Question 31

Define the term papule

Answer 31

inflammed red spot without pus, palpable and up to 0.5cm

Question 32

Role of p21

Answer 32

CDK inhibitor

Question 33

The M--> G1 transition point of the cell cycle represents the transition of which phases of mitosis

Answer 33

metaphase --> anaphase

Question 34

Role of gatekeeper genes and give examples

Answer 34

Halt cell cycle and bring about pathways that control apoptosis, p53, RB and APC

Question 35

Histological features of neoplasia

Answer 35

Hyperchromatic nuclei loss of tissue architecture poorly defined borders multiple mitotic figures

Question 36

What does attenuated mean in terms of vaccines

Answer 36

reduced virulence

Question 37

What may be used in a non-living vaccine

Answer 37

killed whole organism Antigenic components DNA from organism