Block A Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
How manu rbcs are present in the human body?
A
25 trillion
2
Q
Total no of cells in human body
A
35 to 40 trillion cells
3
Q
Microorganisms living in the body are called
A
Microbiota
4
Q
The gastrointestinal track has how many species of microorganisms
A
400 to 1000
5
Q
What are the ions present in intracellular fluid
A
Potassium magnesium and phosphate ions
6
Q
What is homeostasis ?
A
Maintenance of nearly constant internal environment!
7
Q
What is a disease
A
Disease is a state of disrupted homeostasis
8
Q
How much time does it take for blood to circulate the blood once
A
1 minute when body is at rest
6 minutes when body is active
9
Q
The capillary walls are permeable to everything except
A
Plasma proteins
10
Q
What is the most abundant of all the metabolism products
A
Carbon dioxide
11
Q
The thickness of alveolar wall
A
0.4 to 2 micrometer
12
Q
What weight of the body is the skin
A
It makes around 12 to 15 % of the body weight
13
Q
What is the stimulus for baroreceptors ?
A
Stretch of arterial wall
14
Q
Where are baroreceptors located?
A
In the bifurcation region of carotid arteries and in the arch of aorta in the thorax
15
Q
What temperature increase can cause death
A
A 7 degree Celsius ( 11 degree Fahrenheit) increase can cause cell death.
16
Q
What ph levels can be lethal
A
Decreased or increased by 0.5 can be lethal
17
Q
What potassium levels can be lethal
A
If it decreases to less than 1,3rd of the original paralysis occurs.
If it increases heart muscle is severely depressed.
18
Q
Decreased calcium concentration can cause
A
Tetanic contractions of muscles
19
Q
Decreased glucose can cause
A
Mental irratibility and convulsions
20
Q
What is gain of a control system?
A
The degree of effectiveness of a control system with which it maintains a constant condition
21
Q
What is the formula of gain
A
Gain = correction/ error
22
Q
Gain of the internal body temperature regulatory system
A
-33
23
Q
Adaptive control or feed forward mechanism
A
Is in a sense delayed negative feedback
24
Q
Father of medicine
A
Hippocrates
25
Father of anatomy
Herophilus
26
Father of modern anatomy
Leonardo da Vinci
27
Plane dividing the body into left and right parts
Saggital plane
28
Plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior part
Coronal plane
29
Plane dividing the body into upper and lower part
Transverse plane
30
Preaxial border of the upper limb
Is its outer boundary
31
In anatomical position forearms are
Supinated
32
Ontogeny is the development of organism
From fertilization to death
33
Phylogeny is the development of organism
Throughout evolution
34
Ontogeny is
Developmental history
35
Phylogeny is
Evolutionary history
36
Surface anatomy is also called
Topographic anatomy
37
Supine position
Is person lying on his back with palms facing the ceiling
38
Prone position
Is a person lying on his or her face abdomen and chest
39
The position used during delivery of the baby
Lithotomy
40
Transverse plane is also called
Horizontal plane
41
Oblique plane
Any plane that divides the body that is not coronal transverse or saggital plane is oblique
42
Cardinal plane
If any plane traverses the center of the he body
43
Centre of gravity
The point where the three cardinal planes intersect
44
What is medial
Anything that is close to the median plane
45
What is lateral
Anything that is away from the medial plane
46
What is ipsilateral
When organs or structures are on the same side of the body
47
What is contralateral
When structures or organs are on the opposite side of the body
48
In upper limb the medial border is
The bordercalong the little finger
49
In upper limb the lateral border
Is the border along the thumb
50
Palmer aspect
Is the front of the palm
51
Dorsal aspect is
The back of the palm
52
Cranial is also called
Rostral
53
Flexor in lower limb is
The back of the leg
54
Extensor in lower limb is
The front of the leg
55
The elbow joint is called
The radio ulnar joint
56
The ankle joint is called
The subtalar joint
57
Abduction of the shoulder
When the hand is taken away from the body like in raising the hand
58
Adduction of the shoulder
When the limb is brought close to the body
59
Flexion of the thumb
When the thumb is put against the palm
60
Medial rotation of the shoulder
When the shoulder is brought in front of the abdomen and chest area
61
Lateral rotation of the shoulder
When the shoulder is moved away and note that it is in L shape
62
Flexion of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal
Is when making a fist
63
Extension of matacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
When opening the fist
64
Flexion of thigh
When the thigh front is brought close to the abdomen
65
Flexion of knee
When the back of thigh and back of leg are in contact with each other
66
Dorsiflexion of the foot
When the foot id bright close to the leg and soles face forward
67
Origin of the muscle
It is the region which is fixed
68
Insertion if the muscle
It is the region that moved during contraction or relaxation
69
Aponeurosis
It is flattened tendon
70
Raphe
Is a fibrous band made of aponeurosis or tendons
71
Mandible depression
Is opening the mouth
72
Mandible elevation
Is closure of the mouth
73
Venae comitantes
Two veins on each side of artery-joined to each other
74
Anastomosis
When vessels (two or more) are connected to each other.
75
Inner layer of nuclear envelope has proteins called
Lamins that control alot of cell division.
76
What does a tissue consist of
Cells and extra cellular matrix
77
The human tissues are of 4 types
The epithelial tissue
The connective tissue
The muscle tissue
The nervous tissue
78
Any organ consists of two components
The parenchyma ( consist of the the cells that perform the specific function )
The stroma ( consists of connective tissue)
79
Epithelial tissue is a collection of
Strongly apposed cells with little extracellular matrix
80
Is epithelial tissue vascular
No it is avascular
81
The epithelial tissue is supported by
Loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels
82
The layer between epithelial tissue and connective tissue
Is called basement lamina and it contains adherent glycoproteins and collagen type 4
83
Epithelia of the body can be
Glandular (forms the secretory region of the gland and the lining of the duct ) and
surface epithelial (lines the outer surface of the body inner lining of the body cavities and the lining of tubular surfaces)
84
Glandular epithelial tissue can either
Secrete substances (hormones)
Excrete substances (urine and sweat)
85
Surface epithelial tissue is also called
The lining epithelial tissue
86
The most obvious example of the epithelial tissue
Is the epidermis of the skin
87
The internal (luminal) surface of the heart blood vessels and lymph vessels is lined by a special type of epithelium called
The endothelium
88
The body cavities like the pericardial plural and peritoneal cavities are lined by special type of epithelium called
The mesothelium
89
On the basis of no of cell layers the epithelium is divided into
1. Simple epithelium (unilaminar)
2. Stratified epithelium (multilaminar)
3. Pseudo stratified epithelium
90
Simple epithelium
Single layer of cells
Each cell has a basal membrane that rests on the basement membrane
Each cell has an apex facing the lumen of the organ its covering
91
Straitified epithelium
1. Multilaminar ( has many layers)
2. Only the innermost cells rest on the basement membrane
3. Only the superficial most has an apex that opens into the lumen
92
Pseudo stratified epithelium has
Two types of cells
Tall columnar cells and short cells
93
Simple squamous epitheliums identification points
1. Flat cells
2. Single layer
3. Flat nucleus
4. Bulging plasma membrane
5. Serrated or wavy boundaries of the cell
6. Individual cells are roughly polygonal
7. Side view shows fusiform shaped cells
94
Examples of simple squamous epithelium
1. Endothelium the lining of blood vessels, the heart and lymphatic vessels.
2. Mesothelium the lining of pericardial plural and peritoneal cavities.
3. Type 1 alveolar cells
95
Functions of simple squamous epithelium
1. Diffusion
2. Active transport
3. Vesicular transport
96
Identification points of simple cuboidal epithelium
1. Single layer of cube shaped cells.
2. Cells apper square shaped from the side profile.
3. Cells appear hexagonal or polygonal from the surface view.
4. Spherical nucleus
5. Height and width of each cell is equal
97
Location of simple cuboidal epithelium
1. Follicular cells of the thyroid gland
2. Distal convoluted tubules the kidney
98
Simple columnar epithelium identification points
1. Elongated cells
2. Height of each cell is greater than its width
3. Oval shaped nucleus located at the base of cell
4. The apex of the cell is modified tonform microvilli
Steroicilia and kinocilia
99
Location of simple columnar epithelium
Inner lining of the 1.stomach 2. Gall bladder
3. Intestines 4. Uterus
100
Stratifies squamous epithelium is located in
Areas that are subjected to wear and tear
101
Stratified squamous epithelium has many layers
1..The bottom layer having cube shaped or low columnar cells that mititically keep dividing.
2..The middle layer having polygonal cells.
3..The top layer having flat cells.
102
Stratified squamous epithelium is further of two types
Keratanized squamous epithelium
Non keratanized squamous epithelium
103
Keratanized squamous epithelium has dead flat keratanized cells on the superficial layer. The environment causes
Abrasion and dessication
Example: skin of the epidermis
104
Non keratanized squamous epithelium is found in
Oropharynx, oral cavity and oesophagus
105
Stratified cuboidal epithelium location
In the large ducts of exocrine glands like sweat glands pancreas and salivary glands
106
Straitified columnar epithelium located in
In the conjuctiva of the eyes and the male urethra
107
Cells are composed of how much water
75 to 80% water except fat cells
108
The most abundant substance in cell after water is
Proteins
109
Examples of structural proteins in the cell are
Microtubules
Fibriller proteins
110
Percentage of proteins and lipids in the cell is
10-20%
2%
111
Lipids present in cell are
Phospholipids triglycerides (neutral fats) and cholesterol
112
Carbohydrate stored in cell is
1%
In muscle cells it becomes 3% and in
Liver cells it becomes 6 %
113
The lipid bilayer of cells is composed of
Phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol
114
Lipid bilayer is penetrated by
Oxygen carbon dioxide and alcohol
115
Sphingo lipids are derived from and are present in
Derived from amino alcohol sphingocine and are present in nerve cells
116
What is the function of the cholesterol in the cell
It controls fluidity of the cell
117
What are proteoglycans
Proteoglycans are carbohydrates bound to protein core
118
What is Glycocalyx
It is a loose carbohydrate coat on the surface of the cell
119
The wall of the ER
Is composed of large lipid bilayer molecules just like the one on the plasma membrane
120
Rough ER function and smooth ER function
Protein synthesis and lipid synthesis respectively
121
The golgi apparatus has membranes similar to the
Smooth ER
122
Lysosomes consist of of
40 different hydrolases
123
Peroxisomes are different than lysosomes because
They are formed by self replication or budding off from the SER unlike lysosomes that buds off from Golgi.
Secondly it contains oxidases
124
Function of peroxisomes
1. Fatty acid metabolism.
2. Detoxification of alcohol into acetaldehyde.
3. Forming hydrogen peroxide and with the help if catalase, oxidizing many things that need to be oxidized
125
The inner membrane of mitochondria has infoldings called Cristae
It increases the surface area for chemical reactions to occur and to it are attached oxidative enzymes
126
Microfilaments occurring in the outer zone of cytoplasm
Is called ectoplasm
127
Examples of intermediate filaments
Desmin filaments in muscles
Neurofilaments in nerve cells
Keratins in epithelial cells
128
Microtubules occur in
In cilia
Centrioles and mitotic spindles
129
The nucleolus is a darkly stained body made up of
Rna and proteins
130
Pinocytosis occurs when the molecules suppose proteins to be engulfed attach to receptors present in a region called
The coated pit beneath which are clatherin filaments which helps in the pinching of the cell membrane
131
Phagocytosis is engulfing larger molecules than in pinocytosis. Bacteria is already attached to an antibody it is the anti body that attaches to the receptors of the phagocytic cell, it is the antibody that drags the bacteria with it and the process is called
Opsonization
The molecules to be engulfed attaches to receptors and actin or another contractile filaments grow pseudopods around the molecule to be engulfed and the contractile protein also helps the phagosome to be pinched off the cell membrane.
132
Regression that occurs in tissues of the body
Lysosomes are responsible for it
133
Lysosomes consist of bactericidal agents
These are lysosymes
Lysoferrins (that binds iron and other substances before they promote growth )
pH of 5.0 to prevent bacterial growth
134
The golgi apparatus although processes things already manufactured in the ER but it can also
Form carbohydrates that cannot be synthesized in the ER like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate
135
Functions of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
1. Helps in migration and proliferation of the cells.
2. Major component of proteoglycans.
3. Major component of extracellular matrix of bone and cartilage
4. Major component of non fibrous ground substance outside the cell
136
Exocytosis in most cases is stimulated by entry if which ions the cell
Calcium ions
137
The no. of high energy bonds in ATP are two and the energy that they contain
Is almost 12000 cal per mole of ATP
138
ATP is used in
1. Production of macromolecules
2. Transport of substances
3. In mechanical work (muscle contraction)
139
In renal tubular cells, the amount of AtP used to transport ions across the tubules
Is 80% of the ATP they produce
140
The formation of one bond in a chemical compound requires energy from
The 4 high energy bonds of ATP
141
Some cells use around 75% of their total ATP
In manufacturing new compounds
142
ATP formation occurring in cytoplasm by the process of glycolysis is
5% and that in mitochondria is 95%
143
WBCs move through the tissues by movement called
Ameboid movement
144
Ameboid movement starts when pseudopods project from one end of the cell
And the pseudopods drag the cell to the new area in the tissue
145
What protein helps in ameboid movement
Actin
146
Types of cells in the human body that move by ameboid motion
1. Wbcs especially macrophages in the tissue
2. Fibroblasts
3. Germinal cells of the skin
4. Cancerous cells like sarcoma ( thats why they can spread so rapidly
147
Initiator of ameboid locomotion is
Chemotaxis
148
Cilia is of two types
Motile cilia and non motile cilia
149
Cilia is made up of 11 microtubules
9 doublet and 2 singlet
150
Each cilia is an outgrowth of
The basal body
151
The flagellum movement is called
Quasisinosoidal waves
152
The dublets and singlets are joined by a complex of glycoproteins and the cross bridges all tgt are called
The axenome
153
Bone is one third
Connective tissue
154
Bone is two third
Calcium salts
155
The calcium salts of the body are
Calcium phosphate calcium carbonate
156
The inorganic calcium salt in bone is
Calcium hydroxy apatite
Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2
157
Bone is much more regenerative than other tissues in the body except
Blood
158
What air sinuses affect the timbre of the voice
Paranasal air sinuses
159
According to shap bones are divided into
1. Long hones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones
6. Pneumatic bones
Pnemonic: FLISSP
160
Flat bones examples
Bones in the vault of the skull
The sternum
The ribs
The scapula
161
Long bones have a shaft (the diaphysis) an epiphysis at each end has three surface borders and a medulla cavity. Examples are
1. Typical long bones
2. Miniature long bones
3. Modified long bones
162
Examples of typical long bones
Humerus radius ulnar femur tibia and fibula
163
miniature long bones examples
Metacarpels metatarsal and phalanges
164
Modified long bones include
The clavicle
165
Irregular bones examples
The hip bone
The sphenoid
The first and 2nd cervical vertebra
166
Short bones examples are
Tarsals and carpals
167
Sesamoid bones include
Patella in the quadriceps fimoris
Pisiforrm
Flabella
168
Pneumatic bones include
The maxilla the sphenoid and the ethmoid
169
Accessory bones include
The sutures in the skull
Wormian or the sutural bone
The cervical and lumbar ribs
170
On the basis of development bones are classified into
1. Membrane (dermal) bones
2. Cartilagenous bones
3. Membranocartilagenous bones
171
Examples of membrane (dermal) bones
Parietal and frontal
Maxillary
172
Examples of cartilagenous bones
Bones of the limbs
Vertebral column
Thorasic cage
173
Membrano cartilagenous bones
Clavicle
Occipital and temporal
Mandible
Sphenoid
174
On the basis of structure bone can be
Compact or can cancellous
175
Compact bone is
Dense and porous
176
Cancellous or spongy bone is a meshwork of
Trebaculae
177
Microscopically bones are of how many types and what are the names
They are of five types and the names are
1. Lamellar - most adult bones are lamellar they have lamellae in the form of concentric circles in compact bone and or branched curved plates in spongy bone
2. Woven bone: seen in fortal bone cancer of bone and in repairing bone 4
3. Fibrous bone: seen in early fetal stage
4. Dentine
5. Cement
178
Periosteum has 2 parts
Outer fibrous layer
Inner osteogenic layer
179
Periosteum is connected to the underlying bone
By sharpe's fibres
180
What is the most sensitive part of the bone
Periosteum
181
Cortex is made up of
Compact bone
182
Medullary cavity is lined by
Endosteum
183
The two ends of long bones are up of
Cancellous bone and is covered by hyaline cartilage
184
Epiphysis of the bones are end and ossify from
Secondary centres
185
Diaphysis ossify from
Primary centres of ossification
186
Common region of osteomyelitis is
Metaphysis
187
Young long bones are supplied by
1. Nutrient artery
2. Epiphyseal artery
3. Periosteal artery
4. Metsphyseal artery
188
Nutrient artery enters the via the
Nutrient foramen, it runs through the cortex and divides in the medullary cavity
189
The nutrient artery supplies
The medullary cavity
Two third of the cortex
And the metaphysis
190
Growing ends of long bones are
The upper end of humerus
Lower end of radius and ulna
And in lower limb
Lower end of the femur and upper end of tibia and fibula
191
The nutrient foramen is directed
Away from the growing end
192
Periosteal arteries ramify beneath the periosteum and enter the
Wolfmanns canal
193
Periosteal arteries supply the
Outer 1/3rd of the cortex
194
Epiphyseal arteries are derived from
Periarticular vascular arcade found on the bony surface
195
In miniature long bones
The infection begins in the middle of the shaft not at the metaphysis
196
The nerve supplying the bones
Most are sympathetic and vasomotor in function
197
Bones arefirst laid down as
Mesodermal condensations
198
Replacement of the mesenchymal condensation by bone is called
Intra membraneous ossification or mesenchymal ossification
199
The mesoderm if first replaced by cartilage and then the cartilage is replaced by bone
It is called intracartilagenous or endochondral ossification
200
There are three types of cartilages
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage
201
Hyaline cartilage is found in
1. Articular surfaces of long bones
2. Trachea and brochi
3. Thyroid
4. Cricoid
202
Fibrocartilage is found in
Intervertebral disc
Interpubis disc
In articular discs of temporomandibular joints
Sternoclavicle joint
203
Ossification of long bones begin in intrauterine life at week
8th
204
Fibrocartilage has no
Perichondrium
205
Carbohydrates mean
Hydrates of carbon
