Block A Antibody diversity

Question 1

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

Answer 1

IgG IgA(dimmer) IgE IgD IgM(pentameter)

Question 2

Antibodies

Answer 2

Glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes that can attach to specific antigens

Example sentence: Antibodies play a crucial role in the immune response.

Question 3

Innate Immunity

Answer 3

The non-adaptive arm of the immune system that provides immediate defense against infections.

Question 4

Acquired Immunity

Answer 4

The adaptive arm of the immune system, including cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity, that develops after exposure to pathogens.

Question 5

Antibody Classes

Answer 5

Five classes of antibodies distinguished by their structure and physiological roles, with IgG further divided into four subclasses.

Question 6

Heavy Chains

Answer 6

Part of antibodies that determine the isotype class, with two identical heavy chains in each antibody.

Question 7

Light Chains

Answer 7

Part of antibodies that are identical to each other and form the antigen-binding region along with the heavy chains.

Question 8

Hypervariable Regions

Answer 8

Also known as Complementarity-Determining Regions (CDRs), these regions make up the antibody combining site and are highly variable.

Question 9

Framework Regions

Answer 9

Regions between CDRs that show less variability and form the structural framework of the antibody domain.

Question 10

Paratope

Answer 10

Antigen binding site

Question 11

Epitope

Answer 11

Small, accessible portion of an antigen that can be recognized.

Question 12

Hydrophobic and van der Waals forces

Answer 12

Very short ranges and serve to pull together two surfaces that are complementary in shape

Question 13

Antigen-Binding Site

Answer 13

The region on the antibody formed by the V regions of both heavy and light chains, providing specificity in antigen recognition.

Question 14

Electrostatic interaction

Answer 14

More specific chemical interactions while strengthening the interaction overall

Question 15

Complementarity-Determining Regions (CDRs)

Answer 15

The six hypervariable loops in the VH and VL domains that constitute the antigen-binding site of an antibody.

Question 16

Three particular variable segments

Answer 16

Hypervariable regions (HV1, HV2 and HV3) in both VH and VL domains

Question 17

V(D)J Recombination

Answer 17

A process in developing B cells where V, D, and J gene segments recombine to generate diverse antibody structures.

Question 18

Junctional Diversity

Answer 18

The addition or removal of nucleotides at V(D)J junctions during recombination, enhancing antibody variability.

Question 19

Somatic Hypermutation

Answer 19

A process introducing point mutations in antibody variable regions to increase diversity and specificity in antigen recognition.

Question 20

Class Switch Recombination (CSR)

Answer 20

A mechanism allowing B cells to change the constant region of the antibody heavy chain, altering the antibody class.

Question 21

Antibody Repertoire

Answer 21

The range of different antibodies produced by an organism, crucial for recognizing and neutralizing various pathogens.

Question 22

Importance of Antibody diversity

Answer 22

V regions of any given antibody…. - Differ from those of every other

Question 23

VH and VL domains

Answer 23

Three hypervariable loops

Question 24

The six hypervariable loops

Answer 24

Complementarity-determining regions, CDRs

Question 25

What are the 2 theories proposed to explain antibody diversity

Answer 25

Germline theories ## Footnote Genome contains large number of immunoglobulin genes Somatic variation theories ## Footnote Genome contains small number of immunoglobulin genes and large number of specificities are generated by alteration due to example, mutation or recombination

Question 26

VDJ recombination

Answer 26

Process in developing B cells where V, D, and J gene segments recombine

Question 27

Junctional diversity

Answer 27

Addition or removal of nucleotides at V(D)J junctions during recombination

Question 28

Somatic hypermutation

Answer 28

Process introducing point mutations in antibody variable regions

Question 29

Class switch recombination

Answer 29

Mechanism allowing B cells to change the constant region of the antibody heavy chain

Question 30

Combination of heavy and light chains

Answer 30

Process that forms the structural framework of the antibody domain