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BM213 Pharmacology > Block D > Flashcards

Block D Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

functions of the CNS

A

homeostasis- keeping environment of body constant
perception- sight, taste, smell, hearing
movement & coordination
intellect & emotions

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2
Q

what is the CNS composed of

A

brain and spinal chord

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3
Q

types of neurons in cerebellum

A

basket cell, purkinje cell, pyramidal cell, stellate cell

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4
Q

astrocytes in glial cells

A

connect with neurones and blood vessels

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5
Q

ependymal cells in glial cells

A

line ventricles, spinal canal, CSF circulation

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6
Q

oligodendrocytes in glial cells

A

myelin sheath in CNS

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7
Q

microglia in glial cells

A

phagocytes, scavengers

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocyte in CNS, Schwann cell in PNS
wraps around axon -> electrical insulation increases speed of action potential conduction

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9
Q

forebrain

A

outer= cerebrum, corpus striatum, hippocampus
inner= thalamus, hypothalamus

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10
Q

midbrain

A

basal ganglia including substantial nigra

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11
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, reticular formation

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12
Q

outer forebrain

A

comprises nerve cells (grey matter)

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13
Q

lobes on the outer forebrain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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14
Q

corpus striatum

A

part of basal ganglia, coordinated body movements

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15
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system- emotion: pleasure, hostility, anger, instincts
involved in memory

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16
Q

thalamus

A

relay centre
receives sensory input-> cerebrum
relays cerebrum motor output-> other areas

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17
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates autonomic, endocrine systems
essential for hunger, thirst, osmotic balance, body temperature, metabolic rate

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18
Q

substantia nigra

A

in midbrain, part of basal ganglia, coordinated body movements

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19
Q

cerebellum

A

-in hindbrain
-2nd largest structure in whole brain
-fine, coordinated body movements

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20
Q

what is the brainstem made up of

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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21
Q

brainstem

A

-continuous with spinal cord
-ascending & descending nerves to/from forebrain
-visceral reflexes- heart rate, digestion, breathing
damage = death

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22
Q

brain stem reticular formation

A

within brain stem, modulates level of wakefulness/sleep

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23
Q

spinal cord

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A

-neuronal cell bodies in centre (butterfly shape)
-surrounded by ascending & descending nerve tract

24
Q

ventral root

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A

motor/efferent nerves leaving cord and innervate effectors

25
dorsal root
sensory/afferent nerves entering cord
26
dorsal root ganglion
sensory nerve cell bodies
27
what does cerebrospinal fluid do
supplies metabolites, physically protects brain and spinal cord, provides appropriate chemical environment for neuronal function, aids removal of waste to venous system
28
metabolite supply to the brain
-CNS-> 2% body weight, but high metabolic rate -no glycogen stores so relies on blood glucose and oxygen supply to function -receives 15% blood pumped by heart -20% total body oxygen usage
29
what does the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) do
separates CNS from blood
30
BBB structure
tight junctions between endothelial cells astrocytes-> 2nd barrier
31
what does BBB restrict from blood to CNS
-small, non-ionised, lipid-soluble compounds eg O2, CO2, hormones -substrates for specific transporters eg glucose, essential amino acids, ions
32
what does injury and inflammation lead to
BBB brekadown CNS exposed to harmful substances
33
what does cerebrospinal fluid fill
ventricle spaces in brain
34
where does CSF flow
from ventricles to surround the brain and spinal cord + small amount into spinal canal, exists via one-way valves to veins
35
what are choroid plexus
ependymal cells + capillary bed
36
how much CSF does choroid plexus produce
20ml per hour (total adult volume 130-150ml)
37
what do ependymal cells secret
sodium ions actively into ventricle followed by chlorine ions passively, which increases osmotic pressure driving water into ventricle
38
types of non-peptide neurotransmitters
monoamines- noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, histamine amino acids- GABA, glutamate, glycine others- acetylcholine, ATP, nitric oxide
39
what is the criteria for identifying a substance as a neurotransmitter
synthesised within neuron, stored in nerve terminal, released by nerve stimulation in calcium-dependent manner, specific mechanisms exist for inactivation, exogenously applied substance mimics endogenous response to neurotransmitter, antagonist inhibits both neurotransmitter & exogenously applied substance
40
noradrenaline as a transmitter
distributed from brain stem to cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, brain stem. reward system and mood, state of arousal, blood pressure regulation
41
dopamine as a neurotransmitter
distributed from SN to basal ganglia VTA to limbic system & cortical forebrain hypothalamus to pituitary. motor control reward system, mood, motivation prolactin secretion
42
seretonin as a neurotransmitter
distributed from brain stem to cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum. sleep, wakefulness, temperature regulation, mood
43
acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
distributed from long&short projections from basal forebrain interneurons in basal ganglia. arousal, learning and motor control
44
glutamate as a neurotransmitter
distributed widespread, mainly as interneurons. memory, epilepsy, relay or sensory information
45
GABA as a neurotransmitter
distributed widespread, mainly as interneurons. anxiety and epilepsy
46
glycine as a neurotransmitter
distributed spinal cord interneurons, modulates NMDA receptors
47
neuropeptides
1975: enkephalins are neurotransmitters, 5->30 amino acids long, many functions eg substance P in pain
48
similarities between neuropeptides and classical neurotransmitters
stored in vesicles, calcium ion dependent release, effect-> 2nd messengers/ change in ion channel activity
49
slow neurotransmission
seconds to minutes, indirect- via G proteins and cytoplasmic 2nd messengers
50
fast neurotransmission
10's of milliseconds, direct- via receptor-operated ion channels
51
sensory systems
vision, somatic sensory (touch), gustatory (taste), olfaction (smell), auditory (hearing), movement proprioception (balance)
52
sensory reception
stimulus-> sensory receptor-> afferent neuron-> integration center (CNS)-> efferent neuron(s)-> effector organ-> response
53
what does sensory reception do
maintains homeostasis, detects and reacts to changes in environment, protects body from damaging stimuli
54
cutaneous receptors
touch, pressure, temperature, pain
55
proprioceptors
body position

BM213 Pharmacology (4 decks)

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