Block I: CV IV Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
[] are large vessels that carry blood away from the heart
A
arteries
2
Q
arteries have [thicker/thinner] walls than veins
A
thicker
3
Q
what carries blood away from the heart but is smaller than an artery
A
arteriole
4
Q
[] is the point where veins and arteries mix
A
capillaries
5
Q
[] is smalller than an vein and carries blood to the heart
A
venule
6
Q
[] is a large vessel carrying blood to the heart
A
veins
7
Q
describe the order of different vessels that blood may travel through
A
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
8
Q
[] is systemic circulation that supplies the skin and extremities
A
peripheral vascular system
9
Q
[] is the open passageway for blood
A
lumen
10
Q
[] is the innermost layer of BVs and is comprised of squamous endothelium, epithelium, CT, basement membrane
A
tunica intima
11
Q
[] is the middle layer of BV is comprised of smooth fibers with an elastic fibers
A
tunica media
12
Q
[] is the outermost layer of BVs with nerves and lymphatic vessels
A
tunica externa
13
Q
[] is the growth of new vessels that branch from existing small vessels
A
angiogenesis
14
Q
[] is growth brancing from larger vessels
A
ateriogenesis
15
Q
[] is growth of vessels from proginator/stem like cells that originate in bone marrrow and other body tissues
A
vasculogenesis
16
Q
why is growing new BV important?
A
- wound healing
2. can permit tumor growth
17
Q
name an elastic artery
A
aorta & branches
18
Q
what are some characteristics of elastic arteries
A
- more elastic fibers than smooth muscle
- absorb energy during contraction
- stretch when blood is ejected in systole
- promote recoil in diastole
- high pressure in aorta req. elasticity
19
Q
describe some characteristics of muscular arteries
A
- further from heart
- fewer elastic fibers, more muscle
- can contract & relax
- DIRECT blood flow to tissues with greatest demand
20
Q
what kind of arteries are assoc. with directing blood flow to tissues with greatest demand
A
muscular arteries
21
Q
[] are almost exclusively smooth muscle and control blood flow into capillaries via vasoconstriction and vasodilation
A
arterioles
22
Q
[] are connective channels in arterioles that connect and arteriole to a capillarily.
A
metarterioles
d/c smooth muscle (capillaries have NO smooth muscle cells)
23
Q
[] is a ring of smooth muscle that controls blood flow through capillaries
A
precapillary sphincter
24
Q
[] is a layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane
A
capillaries
25
what are some ways substances can move out of capillaries
1. junctions between endothelial cells
2. fenestrations
3. vesicles via. active transport
4. diffusion
26
what controls blood flow into capillary beds
contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle bands (precapillary sphincter) at junctions between metarterioles and capillaries
27
where are precapillary spincters located
junctions between metarterioles & capillaries
28
what are some important roles for the BV endothelium
1. transport substances
2. coagulation
3. antithrombogenesis & fibrinolysis
4. immune system function
5. tissue growth & wound healing
6. vasomotion (contraction/dilation)
7. synthesis and release of vasoactive chemicals
29
platelet derived factors & shear stress cause endothelium dependent vasodilation through activation of []
NOS
30
arachidonic acid causes []vadoconstriction/dilation]
constriction
31
NO causes [vasoconstriction/dilation]
dilation
32
thromboxane A2 causes [vasoconstriction/dilation]
constriction
33
endothelin causes [vasoconstriction/dilation]
constriction
34
angiotensin II causes [vasodilation/constriction]
constriction
35
bradykinin causes [vasoconstriction/dilation]
constrictoin
36
[] are BVs that are thin walled. fibrous, and have a large diameter
veins
37
what is more numerous- veins or arteries?
veins
38
which BVs have valves
veins
39
describe the muscle pump
contraction of skeletal muscle compresses deep veins of the legs and pushes blood back to the heart
40
[] is the amount of blood per unit of time
blood flow
41
what are some factors that affect blood flow
1. resistance
2. viscosity
3. velocity
4. pressure
5. direction of flow (trubulent/laminar)
6. compliance
42
what two BV factors contribute to resistance
1. diameter** biggest effect (R^4)
| 2. length
43
describe poiseuille's lae
the greater the resistance, the lower the blood flow
44
[] is the resistance of flow within entire systemic ciruculatory system
total peripheral resistance
primarily function of diamter of all arterioles
45
what does TPR depend on
1. combined length and radii of all vessels
46
arteries supply tissues and organs in [] circuits
parallel
47
arteriole pressure remains fairly constant over wide range of physiologic conditions in order to []
maintain perfusion
changes like body position & muscular activity
48
extreme low arteriole pressure can lead to
hypoxia/ischemia, not enough pressure to pefuse tissue
49
extremely high arteriole pressure poses a risk for []
stroke, organ damage
50
[] is the average pressure in arteries throughout cardiac cycle
MEan arterial pressure
51
MAP depends on what 2 things
1. elastic properties of arteries
| 2. mean vol. of blood in arterial system
52
how is MAP calculated
MAP= DBP + (1/3x pulse pressure)
53
[] is the difference between SBP and DBP a
pulse pressures
54
pusle pressures are directly related to []
arterial wall stiffness and stroke volume
55
what is the equation for pulse pressure
PP= SBP - DBP
56
what are some neural control mechanisms of PR
1. baroreceptors
2. arterial receptors
3. hyperemia
4. hormones
57
where are baroreceptors located
carotid sinuses and aortic arch
58
what is the role of baroreceptors
1. reduce BP to normal by decreasing CO and PO ( can also increase BP if needed) via parasympathetic or sympathetic OR BVs can be constricted or dilated
59
what is the role of arterial receptors?
chemoreceptors
sensitive to oxygen, CO2, and pH
help regulate BP
60
what are chemo, arterial receptors sensitive to
1. oxygen
2. CO2
3. pH
61
where are arterial/chemo receptors located
1. medulla oblongata
| 2. carotid & aortic bodies
62
what is the role arterial/chemo receptors
detect changes in levels of blood oxygen, CO2, pH
AP conducted to medulla
vasomotor center can cause vasoconstrictoin or dilation of BV by sympathetic system
carioregulatory center can cause changes in pumping activity of heartthrough parasympethetic or sympathetic means
63
what is the role of the vasomotor center
cause constriction of dilation of BV via sympathetic system
64
what is the role of the cardioregulatory system
cause changes in pumping of heart through parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
65
what is hyperemia
excess blood in vessels
increased flow from increased metabolic activity of heart, skeletal muscle or other organ
66
what can cause hyperemia
exercise
67
what is reactive hyperemia
vasodilation to restore blood flow after a period of tissue ischemia
can cause reperfusion injury can cause injury
68
Epi and NE cause [] of BVs
vasoconstriction
69
what effect does ADH have on BP
increased blood volume reabsorbtion Na and water in distrule tubule and collecting duct
70
what role does EPi and NE have on BP
cases vasoconstriction
71
aldosterone is released during [] system and causes reabsorbtion of [] to [] blood volume and stimulate thirst
1. RAAS
2. Na, Cl, water
3. increase
72
what is the role of naturetic peptides
loss of Na, Cl, watter through efffects of kidney function
| -decreases BV
73
what effect does adrenomedullin have on CV system
powerful vasodilatiion
74
what effect does prostaglandins have on CVS
dilation
75
what are 2 endothelium derived relaxing, dilating factors
1. NO
| 2. prostaglandins
76
[] is the pressure exeted on the walls of veins by circulating blodo
venous pressure
77
what are the main determinants of venous pressure
1. volume fluid in veins
| 2. compliance of vessel walls
78
what are two mechanisms that affect venous pressure
1. skeletal muscle pump
2. respiratory pumps
increase pressure in veins, increase movement to heart
79
[] is the distance blood travels per unit time
velocity
80
[] describes how thick fluids move more slowly and cause greater resistance to flow than thin fluids
viscosiry
81
what value reveals blood viscosoty
hematocrit
82
a high hematocrit [] blood flow through BVs
reduces, due to increase in velocity
83
describe laminar flow
1. straight flow
- increased speed
*concentric circles with innermost moving the quickest
84
turbulent flow
blood flows in every which direction, occurs with an obstruction
85
turbulent flow can produce a []
murmur
86
[] describes how an increase in volume can accommodate for a given increase in pressure
compliance
87
[] is the oppostie of compliance
stiff
88
veins are [more/less] compliant than arteries
more
89
elstastic arteroes are [more/less] compliant than muscular
more
90
[] is the difference between pressure in aorta and pressure in coronary vessels
coronary perfusion pressure
91
coronary perfusion pressure determines []
ability of body to perfuse heart
92
describe autoregulation
ability of organ to regulate blood flow by altering resistance in its arterioles
autonomic self regulation, esp. in coronary arteries maintains optimal perfusion and pressure despite systolic effects
93
[] stores oxygen in the heart for systolic phase
myoglobin
94
describe the systolic effect
blood flows into coronary arteries during diastole (NOT systole)
- systole cusps of aortic semiulunar valves BLOCK openings of coronary arteries
- systolic contractions inhibits coronary artery flow by compressing coronary arties
95
at what point in the cardiac cycle is blood delivered to the heart via coronary arteries?
during diastole.
openings of aorta that allow blood into coronary arteries are CLOSED during systole.
myoglobin stores extra oxygen for heart to function during systole
96
lymph system picks up excess fluid and returns it to the [] system
venous
97
[] moves lymphocytes and leukocytes between components of immune system
lymph system
98
[] transports lipids, hormones, and cytokines along with immune mediators
lymph
99
doe lymph vessels have vales?
yes
100
what is the primary protein in lymph
albumin
101
both the R lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct drain into the []
subclavian
102
[] vessels travel to nodes, while [] vessels travel away
1. afferent
| 2. efferent
103
what happens inside lymph nodes
phagocytosis of foreign substances
| -lymphocytes search to antigens that may illicit a response
