BLOCK III - UNIT 1. Endocrine System

Question 1

What system is composed of various glands located throughout the body?

Answer 1

The endocrine system

Question 2

The endocrine system has 5 general functions, what are they?

Answer 2

• Differentiate reproductive and central nervous systems in fetuses
• Stimulate growth and development during childhood and adolescence
• Coordinate male and female reproductive systems
• Maintain an optimal internal environment
• Initiate corrective and adaptive responses during emergencies

Question 3

which system does a stimulus elicits the release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance?

Answer 3

Negative Feedback Loop/ system

Question 4

What are the 3 mechanisms by which the endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones?

Answer 4

• Humoral stimuli
• Hormonal stimuli
• Neural stimuli

Question 5

Hormones operate within what systems to maintain optimal internal environment?

Answer 5

negative or positive feedback systems

Question 6

Hormones may be classified by what?

Answer 6

their structure, gland of origin, effects, or chemical composition.

Question 7

What sits at the base of the brain and regulates hormones secretion from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 7

Hypothalamus

Question 8

How is the Hypothalamus Connected to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 8

through the hypophyseal portal blood vessels

Question 9

How is the Hypothalamus Connected to the pituitary gland?

Answer 9

by the infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

Question 10

How is the Hypothalamus Connected to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

through a nerve tract

Question 11

Which gland synthesizes and secretes hormones into the blood which then travel to target organs/glands to regulate physiological processes?

Answer 11

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 12

What Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH )? And what organ does this hormone target?

Answer 12

Anterior pituitary gland, target organ is the adrenal cortex

Question 13

What Secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? And what organ does this hormone target?

Answer 13

Anterior pituitary gland, target organ is the thyroid gland

Question 14

Which gland stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin?

Answer 14

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 15

Which gland releases Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? And what organ does this hormone target?

Answer 15

Posterior pituitary gland, target organ kidneys

Question 16

Light sensitive nerve cells in the retina detect light, the nerves then send signals through nerve fibers to the spinal cord up to which gland to release melatonin hormone?

Answer 16

pineal gland

Question 17

What gland is located in the center of the brain?

Answer 17

Pineal gland

Question 18

Which gland releases Melatonin hormone? And what does this hormone do?

Answer 18

-Pineal gland
-Melatonin is responsible for inducing sleep, regulating circadian rhythms, growth hormone releasing hormone, immune function, and ageing.

Question 19

The thyroid is regulated through what?

Answer 19

A negative feedback loop

Question 20

Thyrotropin is released from the hypothalamus into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system and circulates to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates the release of what hormone?

Answer 20

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 21

what releases the T3 and T4 into the blood so it can go to the targeted tissues?

Answer 21

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 22

What paired gland located behind the upper and lower poles of the thyroid gland?

Answer 22

parathyroid

Question 23

Which gland produces a hormone that Regulates serum ionized calcium levels, Acts on the kidney to increase calcium reabsorption, and Decreases phosphate reabsorption?

Answer 23

parathyroid

Question 24

What’s located behind the stomach and houses the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 24

The pancreas

Question 25

What is the hormonal organs that regulate the carbohydrate metabolism in the body?

Answer 25

the Islets of Langerhans

Question 26

What is an antagonist to insulin that acts to increase blood glucose during fasting, exercise, and hypoglycemia?

Answer 26

glucagon

Question 27

Alpha cells come from where and do what for the body?

Answer 27

Comes from the pancreas and secretes glucagon

Question 28

Beta cells come form where and what do they secrete?

Answer 28

The pancreas, they secrete insulin and amylin

Question 29

What promotes glucose uptake and use, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis?

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

What facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium (K+), phosphate, and magnesium?

Answer 30

Insulin

Question 31

What glands are located close to upper pole of each kidney?

Answer 31

Adrenal glands

Question 32

The cortex have 3 layers, what is the most outer layer?

Answer 32

Zona glomerulosa

Question 33

What produces aldosterone which conserves sodium?

Answer 33

Zona glomerulosa (outer layer of adrenal glands cortex) But so does Zona reticularis (inner) but in the notes the NA is specific for the glomerulosa

Question 34

The cortex have 3 layers, what is the middle layer?

Answer 34

Zona fasciculata (middle layer of adrenal glands cortex)

Question 35

What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone?

Answer 35

Zona fasciculata (middle layer of adrenal glands cortex)

Question 36

What steroid hormones is released under stressful conditions and have metabolic, neurologic, anti- inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and growth-suppressing effects?

Answer 36

Glucocorticoids

Question 37

The cortex have 3 layers, what is the inner layer?

Answer 37

Zona reticularis (inner layer of adrenal glands cortex)

Question 38

What layer of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone, androgen, estrogen and glucocorticoids?

Answer 38

Zona reticularis (inner layer of adrenal glands cortex)

Question 39

What is stimulated by the anterior pituitary hormone; ACTH produces glucocorticoids released in response to stress?

Answer 39

Adrenal cortex

Question 40

What stores and secretes the catecholamine’s epinephrine and norepinephrine to produce a quick response, “fight or flight.”?

Answer 40

Adrenal medulla

Question 41

What is A complication related to the deficiency of insulin and the increase in catecholamine, cortisol, and glucagon?

Answer 41

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Question 42

In the absence of insulin, the release of free fatty acids from adipocytes increases the production of what to do what?

Answer 42

ketone bodies to increase pH.

Question 43

Which state is a result of insulin deficiency with the absence of ketosis?

Answer 43

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)

Question 44

How long does it take DKA to develop?

Answer 44

1-2 days

Question 45

What is likely to develop with Patients that are typically older or very young type 2 diabetics with other comorbidities?

Answer 45

HHS

Question 46

Both HHS and DKA have what in common?

Answer 46

• Decreased glucose utilization; a lot of glucose in the bloodstream • Increased gluconeogenesis; increased production of glucagon • An increase in glycogenolysis; increased destruction of glucose molecules

Question 47

The big differences between DKA and HHS are what?

Answer 47

• The presence of ketones in DKA • DKA patient’s breath has a fruity odor due to the ketones • Dehydration in HHS is more severe than in DKA

Question 48

The big differences between DKA and HHS are what?

Answer 48

• The presence of ketones in DKA • DKA patient’s breath has a fruity odor due to the ketones • Dehydration in HHS is more severe than in DKA

Question 49

A patient presents with the follow Sx, what is the Dx?

Answer 49

DKA

Question 50

Patient presents with the following Sx, what is the Dx?

Answer 50

DKA

Question 51

Patient presents with the following Sx, what is the Dx?

Answer 51

HHS

Question 52

Why is monitoring for hypokalemia important for DKA/ HHS Tx?

Answer 52

Potassium moves into the cell with insulin

Question 53

What is it called when the pituitary gland does not produce enough antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 53

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 54

What happens when the pituitary gland does not produce enough antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 54

Insufficient antidiuretic hormone activity causes excretion of large volumes of dilute urine

Question 55

You have a patient who is complaining of Polyuria, Nocturia (frequent urination at night), Thirst that is unresolved after oral replacement, Polydipsia ( about 8-12 L per day). What is the Dx?

Answer 55

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 56

What is it called when too much ADH is secreted from the pituitary gland causing increased plasma volume/water retention?

Answer 56

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

Question 57

Will Nephrogenic DI respond to DDAVP?

Answer 57

No, only Neurogenic DI will

Question 58

SIADH can lead to what?

Answer 58

Hyponatremia (Serum sodium less than 135).

Question 59

What can aid the renal tubules to develop resistance to ADH?

Answer 59

Demeclocycline (tetracycline)- an antibiotic, is used to treat SIADH in the absence of infection because it aids the renal tubules to develop resistance to ADH, may be used to treat resistant or chronic SIADH.

Question 60

What is it called when there’s a Sudden release of T3 and T4 exceeds metabolic needs?

Answer 60

Thyroid storm/ Thyrotoxic Crisis like giving the body jet fuel

Question 61

What is it called when a patient is in An extreme hypothyroid state that can lead to a diminished consciousness?

Answer 61

Myxedema Coma The TSH levels are increased with a decreased T3 and T4.

Question 62

Why does Hypothermia happen in Myxedema Coma?

Answer 62

Hypothermia occurs because the decreased level thyroid hormone slows the body’s normal heat production

Question 63

Why does Hyponatremia happen in Myxedema Coma?

Answer 63

hyponatremia occurs because there is decreased free water excretion *Increased ADH from hypothyroidism induces a decrease in cardiac output because of less volume.

Question 64

Adrenal Cortex disorders are characterized as What?

Answer 64

hypocortisolism, which is a decreased serum cortisol level (adrenal steroids).

Question 65

What is a life-threatening state caused by insufficient levels of cortisol?

Answer 65

Adrenal Crisis or Addisonian Crisis.

Question 66

What can happen with Acute withdrawal of corticoids?

Answer 66

Adrenal Crisis or Addisonian Crisis. results in crisis because the patient will have a sudden serum decrease of corticoids, causing a shock in the system

Question 67

What is the Dx?

Answer 67

Adrenal Crisis or Addisonian Crisis.

Question 68

What happens in primary adrenal cortex disorder ?

Answer 68

Adrenals are unable to secrete the adrenal hormones. Caused by adrenal gland insufficiency from an auto immune disorder

Question 69

What happens in secondary adrenal cortex disorder ?

Answer 69

The pituitary is diminished or unable to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) but has normal functioning adrenal glands and hypothalamus

Question 70

What happens in tertiary adrenal cortex disorder ?

Answer 70

The hypothalamus is diminished or unable to secrete corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) but has normal functioning adrenal gland and pituitary glands

Question 71

Low levels of cortisol can cause?

Answer 71

Complete vascular collapse and shock