Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Hematocrit definition

A

percent by volume of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hematocrit indicates…

A

viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hematocrit …with dehydration

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hematocrit … with blood loss.

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plasma definition

A

blood without cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Serum definition

A

plasma w/o fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hematopoiesis starts with what kind of cells?

A

pluripotent stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pluripotent stem cells divide into what two cells?

A

myeloid, lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells divide into…

A

blast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Myeloid cells become… and lymphoid cells become…

A

RBCs and most WBC’s

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stem cells become other cells by ….

A

colony stimulating factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RBC’s develop from ….when they are mature they are….they contain… the production is made by… in….oxygen. Production and maturation depends on…

A 
erythropoietin (CSF)
anucleated
hemoglobin
kidney
low
iron, B12, B6, B9
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hemboglobin structure

A

tetramer

made of 4 globins and 4 hemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hemoglobin binds what compounds?

A

O2
CO2 (Small amount)
CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

O2 binds to what in hemoglobin?

A

Fe2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CO2 binds to what in hemoglobin?

A

globin chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CO binds to what in hemoglobin?

A

Fe2+ but 200x stronger than O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Forms of hemoglobin?

A

oxyhemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
methemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oxyhemoglobin bind to… and is what color?

A

oxygen

bright red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin is … from oxygen and is what color?

A

dissociated from oxygen

dark, bluish red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Methemoglobin cannot bind to … but binds to… and is what color?

A

oxygen; Fe3+

brownish red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Agranulocytes

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neutrophils’ function
Basophils’ function
Eosinophils’ function

A

phagocytosis
releases bradykinin and histamine
combating effect of basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Monocytes’ function

Lymphocytes’ function

A

enter tissue and become macrophages that participate in phagocytosis;
B and T cells that support immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Platelets are also called

A

thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Thrombocytes are … they are fragments of… the production stimulated by … made in …. essential for … initiates … process.

A 
anculeated;
megakaryocytes;
thrombopoietin;
liver;
hemostasis;
blood coagulation process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3 steps of stopping bleeding

A

vasoconstriction;
platelet adherence to the site of damage and forming platelet plug;
blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Two different coagulation pathways

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Intrinsic coagulation pathways need …. to be present in the blood itself. Begins with trauma …. the vascular system to vessel endothelial lining and it is …

A

factors
inside
slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Extrinsic coagulation needs factors from … the blood. Beings with trauma … of vascular system to surrounding tissue. It is …

A

outside
outside
fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Leukocytosis

A

increase in WBCs

associated with inflammation or infection

33
Q

Leukopenia

A

decrease in WBCs

associated with viral infection, radiation and chemotherapy

34
Q

Mean corpuscular volume

A

volume of a single RBC

35
Q

Morphology is observed with … and it shows… What disease can be distinguished here?

A

blood smears
size, shape, uniformity, maturity of cells
anemia

36
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

assessment of bone marrow function

37
Q

Chemical analysis

A

serum levels of components: iron, vitamin B12, B9, cholesterol, urea, glucose

38
Q

Bleeding time measures…

A

platelet function

39
Q

Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time

A

measures function of various factors in coagulation process

40
Q

Blood therapies

A

whole blood, packed RBCs, packed platelets;
plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions;
artificial blood products

41
Q

Whole blood, packed RBCs, and packed platelets are used for…

A

severe anemia or thrombocytopenia

42
Q

Plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions are used to…

A

maintain blood volume

43
Q

Artificial blood products are used to…

A

compensate for loss of RBCs and compatible with all blood types

44
Q

Blood therapies for bone marrow transplants:

A

epoetin alfa

45
Q

Epoetin alfa is an artificial form of ___.

It is used for anemia related to ___ and ____.

A

erythropoietin

chronic renal failure and cancer

46
Q

RBC disorders

A

anemias and polycythemia

47
Q

Anemia is a ___ deficit and reduction in ___ transport.

Caused by deficiency of ___, impairment of ___ ____, blood loss and excessive destruction of ___.

A

hemoglobin

oxygen

required nutrient

bone marrow

RBCs

48
Q

Pernicious anemia is characterized by large, immature, nucleated ___.
Due to a deficiency in___ which is needed for DNA synthesis. Vitamin ___ deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia by the same mechanism as above.

A

large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes;
deficiency of Vitamin B12
B9 (folic acid)

49
Q

What is the basic problem of pernicious anemia?

A

lack of absorption of B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor

50
Q

Aplastic anemia is … possible causes are ….

A

impairment or failure of bone marrow; myelotoxins, viruses, autoimmune disease, genetic abnormalities

51
Q

Myelotoxins

A

drugs that damage bone marrow and radiation

52
Q

Hemolytic anemia results from … and is caused by…

A

excessive destruction of RBCs;

genetic defects, immune reactions, infections, toxins in blood, changes in blood chemistry

53
Q

Sickle cell anemia is a …. where … are affected and ..are carriers. It is the … inherited blood disorder in the U.S.

A

autosomal recessive mutation in Hb.
homozygotes, heterozygotes.
most common

54
Q

Sickling of cells occurs whenever …

A

oxygen levels are lowered

55
Q

When do clinical signs of sickle cell anemia show up? What is the life expectancy now? The heterozygous condition is somewhat protective against …

A

4 months old
50+
malaria

56
Q

Treatment of sickle cell anemia

A

hydroxyurea which stimulates production of fetal Hb and reduces frequency of crisis.
Bone marrow transplant is the only potential treatment.

57
Q

Thalassemia is the …. genetic disorder in the world. …% of the population has mutations in hemoglobin a or b chain.

A

most common

5%

58
Q

Thalassemia is an …. inheritance. The genes for some hemoglobin chains are … or ….
There are missing or replaced chains…. Hb… hemolysis. Signs and symptoms happen within … called …anemia.

A 
autosomal recessive 
mutated or missin
abnormal, RBC
2 years of life
microcytic
59
Q

Polycythemia is when there is … hematocrit. Two types?

A

increased

primary and secondary

60
Q

Primary polycythemia

A

neoplastic disorder where there is an increased production of RBCs and other cells in the bone marrow. Serum erythropoietin is low.

61
Q

Secondary polycythemia

A

increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia, increased erythropoietin secretion, compensation mechanism to provide more oxygen carrying capacity

62
Q

Skin lesion signs of blood clotting disorders

A

petechiae

frequent purpura and ecchymoses

63
Q

Petechiae

A

pinpoint flat red spots on skin and mucous membrane

64
Q

Frequent purpura and ecchymoses

A

large areas of bruises on skin

65
Q

Hemophilia A is … hemophilia. It is the most … inherited clotting disorder. It is an …. recessive trait. It manifests in… and carried by… there are …. degrees of severity. There is …. bleeding after minor trauma. …..into joint. and possible …. in feces.

A

classic

common

X-linked

men

women

varying

prolonged

spontaneous bleeding

hematuria or blood

66
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is …..
…. are formed and …. occur. Clotting factors are …. and bleeding ….
Clotting factors are reduced to a …. level. …., … hemorrhage. Hypotension results from…

A

excessive clotting and excessive bleeding in circulation.

thrombi

infarcts

consumed

develops

dangerous level

widespread, uncontrollable

circulatory shock

67
Q

The Leukemias are a group of….involving … There is … production in bone marrow. Large numbers are released into… it infiltrates ….One are more types of leukocytes are…

A

neoplastic disorders

WBCs

uncontrolled

general circulation

lymph nodes, spleen, liver, brain, other organs

undifferentiated, immature and nonfunctional

68
Q

Acute leukemias have a high proportion of …. nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation. The onset is…marked … and ….occurs primarily in… and …

A

immature

abrupt

signs and complications

children and younger adults

69
Q

Chronic leukemias have higher proportions of ….
… onset. Mild … and better….
Common in ….

A

mature cells

slower

signs

prognosis

older people

70
Q

Lymphocytic leukemias include …. and they are …. of lymphocytes.

A

acute, chronic lymphocytic

precursors

71
Q

Myelogenous leukemias include …. and they are …. of granulocytes.

A

acute and chronic myelogenous

precursors

72
Q

Multiple myeloma or …. myeloma. … disease of unknown etiology. Increased production of … in bone marrow. Production of other blood cells is …. there are multiple … in bone. It occurs in …. and the prognosis is …

A

plasma cell

neoplastic

plasma cells

impaired

tumors

older adults

poor

73
Q

Lymphomas

A

malignant neoplasms

Hodgkins and non hodgkins

74
Q

Malignant neoplasms

A

lymphocyte proliferation in bone marrow or lymph nodes

75
Q

Hodgkins lymphoma….

… defective and WBC count decreased. Presence of … cell.

A

initially involves a single lymph in neck
T-lymphocytes
reed-sternberg

76
Q

First indicator of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and later…

A

painless enlarged lymph node

splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes

77
Q

Staging and prognosis of hodgkins lymphoma is dependent on…

A

number of nodes involved or location of nodes inovlved

78
Q

Non-Hodgkins lymphoma is a ….

…% involve B-lymphocytes. ….lymph node involvement. ….with widespread metastases. … to treat.

A 
group of diseases
85
multiple
non-organized
harder

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions