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Hubs 192 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 3 main funct of blood

A

1) Transport
2) Immune response
3) Coagulation

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2
Q

Name 4 examples of transportation using the blood

A

1) Nutrients (O2) and waste (CO2)
2) Heat dissipation
3) Hormone
4) Phagocytes, antibodies, coagulation factors

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3
Q

Name 2 examples of how blood assists in the immune response

A

1) Via phagocytes, antibodies, and other WBC’s

2) Fights infection

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4
Q

Name 2 types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

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5
Q

What is the name for an antibody cell?

A

Immunogobulin

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6
Q

How does the blood assist in coagulation?

A

Via platelets and erythrocytes and utilizing coagulation factors in plasma

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7
Q

What are the 2 main components of whole blood and their percentages?

A

1) Plasma 55%

2) Cells 45%

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8
Q

What 2 main substances is plasma comprised of?

A

1) H20 - 90%

2) Other solutes - 10% - eg. ions, proteins, etc.

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9
Q

What are the 3 groups of “plasma proteins”?

A

1) Albumins
2) Globulins
3) Fibrogen and Prothrombin

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10
Q

Funct of Albumins

A

Maintains osmotic pressure

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11
Q

Funct of Globulins

A

Antibodies used to enhance the immune system

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12
Q

Funct of Fibrogen and prothrombin

A

Blood Coagulation

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13
Q

Name the 3 groups of cells in the blood

A

1) RBW / erythrocytes
2) WBC / leukocytes
3) Platelets / thrombocytes

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14
Q

Define haematocrit

A

The portion of the cells that make up blood

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15
Q

Define PCV

A

Packed Cell Volume (same as haematocrit)

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16
Q

Why is haematocrit important?

A

Tells the health of the blood

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17
Q

What is the range of PCV in males?

A

0.40 - 0.54

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18
Q

What is the range of PCV in females?

A

0.37 - 0.47

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19
Q

What does anemic mean?

A

Low RBC

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20
Q

What does polycethemia mean?

A

High RBC, usually rare genetic disease, makes the blood viscous

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21
Q

Which cell do all blood cells originate from?

A

Hemocytoblast

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22
Q

Where are they produced?

A

Red bone marrow

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23
Q

What are the 2 groups of WBC’s?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

1) Neutrophils

2) Basophils

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25
Neutrophils - %, funct, size, life span?
65% of cell, most common, active seek and phagocyte, 12-15um, hours - days
26
Basophils - %, funct, size, life span?
>1%, rare, releases heparin (anticoagulant) and releases histomines, 11-14um, hours - days
27
Eosinphils - %, funct, size, life span?
2 - 5%, less common, mostly in mucosal lining eg respiratory, phagocytes large cells, 10-12um, 10 - 12 days
28
What are histamines?
Secreted by basophils that warns the body that there is a danger
29
Name the 2 types of Agranulocytes
1) Lymphocytes | 2) Monocytes
30
Lymphocytes - %, funct, size, life span?
25%, 2nd most WBC, secretes antibodies and tags threats, 6-9um, days - years
31
Monocytes - %, funct, size, life span?
3-8%, less common, hunts cancerous cells and bacteria then phagocytes, 12-17um, months
32
What percentage of cells in the blood RBC?
99%
33
What fraction of an RBC is hemoglobin?
1/3 of weight
34
What is the normal range of hemoglobin in the body?
150g of Hb per L of PCV = 45%
35
Range of Hb for men?
140-180g/L
36
Range of Hb for women?
120-160g/L
37
What are the 2 components of Hb?
Heme (red pigment) and globin (protein chains)
38
Funct of heme?
Allows O2 to attach (max 4/Hb) because heme is Fe
39
Funct of globin?
Allows CO2 to attach
40
List 3 advantages of RBC's having a concave shape
1) SA:Volume 2) Increases diff of gases 3) Flexibility
41
Size of RBC
7.5um
42
Name of RBC formation?
Erythropoeisis
43
Stimulator of Erythropoeisis?
Erythropoietin (also needs Fe)
44
Feedback loop of low O2?
Var: low O2 Sensor: Kidneys Integration Centre: Kidneys - secrete erythropoeitin Effector: Red bone marrow - produces more RBC
45
Life span of RBC?
104-120 days, 1%/day
46
3 components of broken down hemoglobin?
1) Fe 2) Amino acids 3) Bilirubin (product of heme - pale yellow)
47
What happens to Fe once it's detached from Hb?
Goes back to bone marrow to be re-synthesized and make new Hb
48
What happens to amino acids once they detach from Hb?
They get synthesized into the body
49
What happens to bilirubin once it detaches from Hb?
Goes to liver then spleen then gets secreted into GI tract via small intestines as bile
50
Range for men to be anemic?
less than 130g/L
51
Range for women to be anemic?
less than 115g/L
52
Name 3 potential causes of anemia?
1) Decrease in RBC production | 2) Increase destruction of RBC
53
2 ways which cause low RBC production
1) Deficiency of Fe and ECO 2) Slow maturation due to low B12 or folic acid 3) Bleeding - acute
54
3 explanations of increased destruction of RBC
1) Cellular defect eg. sickle cell 2) Drugs 3) Auto-immune system
55
Platelets - size, shape, funct, life span
2-4um, irregular spindles/oval discs, haemostasis and coagulation, 2-4 days
56
What stimulates a hemocytoblast turning into a platelet?
Thrombopoietin
57
Describe stage 1 of haemostasis
1) Constriction of blood vessels | 2) Form platelet plug (using platelets)
58
Describe stage 2 and 3 of haemostasis
Coagulation of blood (needs platelets)
59
Extrinsic pathway is for?
External damage
60
Intrinsic pathway is for?
Internal bleeding (only blood cells)
61
5 ways to oppose clot formation
1) Smooth endothelium 2) TF pathways inhibitor 3) Thrombin 4) Coumadin 5) Aspirin
62
Explain the factors used to oppose clot formation relating to smooth endothelium
1) Smooth S.A = platelets don't adhere 2) Secretes prostacyclin - no aggregation 3) Secretes nitric oxide - vasodilates = no aggregation
63
Explain how TF pathway inhibitors oppose clot formation
Binds TFVIIa and inhibits extrinsic pathway
64
Explain how thrombin is inhibited to oppose clot formation
Via anti-thrombonins such as heparin
65
Explain how Coumadin opposes clot formation
Impairs the livers use of Vitamin K
66
Aspirin opposes clot formation how?
Inhibits aggregation
67
What is fibronolysis?
Mechanism that dissolves blood clots. This occurs at the same time as clot formation
68
List the 2 types of blood systems
1) ABO | 2) Rhesus
69
4 groups of ABO system?
1) A - A antigens, B antibodies 2) B - B antigens, A antibodies 3) AB - AB antigens, no antibodies - universal recipient 4) O - no antigens, A, B antibodies - universal donor
70
Explain Rhesus system
Rh+ or Rh- = D antigens | eg. Pregnancy Rh- mum, Rh+ baby = mum devel antibodies

Hubs 192 (2 decks)

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