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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

list the functions of blood

A

Delivers oxygen, nutrients, etc.
Transports metabolic wastes away (CO2, ammonia, etc.)
Maintains body temperature
Maintains body pH (Bicarbonate system)
Maintains fluid volume through exchange (electrolytes)
Prevent blood loss with clotting
Prevents infection (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC, etc.)

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2
Q

formed elements of blood

A

were originally living cells, not necessarily still living

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3
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC
no longer living
carry respiratory gases (mainly O2)

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4
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC
immunity
living cells

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5
Q

platelets

A

little cellular fragments

contain vesicles containing proteins used in clotting

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6
Q

plasma

A

liquid component

water, proteins, nitrogenous substances

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7
Q

proteins in plasma

A

albumin globulins, clotting proteins, etc.
Create special amount of osmotic pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure
High concentration in blood, too big to leave

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8
Q

hematocrit

A 
procedure done, finger prick then centrifuged and separated based on mass
RBC dense (bottom)
Buff layer (leukocytes and platelets)
Plasma
The length of RBC + entire sample / sample = amount of RBC
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9
Q

Structure and function of RBC

A 
Small
Biconcave
Anucleate
No cell organelles (no DNA)
Contain hemoglobin
Contain antioxidant enzymes
Eliminate free radicals (leakage of charged O2 particles (toxic))
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10
Q

hemoglobin

A

pigment that gives blood its color

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11
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC production
Subtype of hematopoiesis
All blood cells produced in red bone marrow

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12
Q

erythropoiesis process

A

Hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
Hemoblasts pluripotent
Myeloid stem cell becomes proerythroblast
Proerythroblast is the committed cell!
Proerythroblast becomes early erythroblast
Early erythroblast becomes late erythroblast
Late erythroblast becomes normoblast
Normoblast loses organelles and nucleus to become reticulocyte
Accumulate hemoglobin
Reticulocyte immature RBC
Reticulocytes mature in bloodstream to become erythrocytes

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13
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced by kidneys; monitor O2 concentration, stimulated by low O2 to produce more RBC

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14
Q

testosterone role in erythropoiesis regulation

A

stimulates kidneys to release erythropoeitin

Men have higher RBC count

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15
Q

role of iron in erythropoiesis regulation

A

from diet, needed to produce functioning RBC
Stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin
Transported in blood as transferrin

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16
Q

B vitamins role in erythropoiesis regulation

A

linked to intrinsic factor to make RBC

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17
Q

dietary nutrients role in erythropoiesis regulation

A

carbs, AA, etc. to make cellular components

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18
Q

erythrocyte longevity

A

100-120 days
Old erythrocytes destroyed by macrophages
Old erythrocytes recycled primarily in the spleen
Spleen rich in macrophages
Heme split from globin
Iron bound to proteins and stored
Bilirubin produced
Picked up by liver and secreted as bile into intestine
Pigment degraded and expelled in feces
Globin breakdown to AA

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19
Q

anemias

A

not enough RBC or something wrong with RBC so it cant carry O2

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20
Q

polycythemia

A

too many RBC, cant deliver O2 well because blood is so thick, cannot travel efficiently

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21
Q

chemical makeup of hemoglobin

A

Complex protein, 4 subunits
2 types of subunits: alpha and beta subunits
Globin protein bound to heme pigment

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22
Q

globin

A

4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha subunits, and 2 beta

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23
Q

heme

A

contains oxygen-binding iron, each heme can bind to four O2

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24
Q

oxyhemoglobin vs. deoxyhemoglobin

A

Can shift between the two
Sigmoidal curve
Shows hemoglobin LOVES O2
When it starts it wants more and doesn’t like to give it up
Saturate quickly and loves to stay saturated

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25
carbaminohemoglobin
carry CO2, binds to the amino acids on the protein
26
diapedesis
ability of cell to leave circulation and go into interstitial space RBC cant Some WBC can
27
structural characteristics of leukocytes
Complete cells with nuclei and organelles Living; can reproduce in some cases Display positive chemotaxis Positive (more forward) Ability to move toward certain chemical stimuli
28
types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
29
neutrophils
60-70% of WBC, phagocytic function during inflammation
30
eosinophils
around 20%, two lobe nucleus, granules carry enzymes to fight parasitic worms
31
basophils
.5-1% granules contain histamine, vasodialator, attract WBC
32
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
33
lymphocytes
in the lymphatic system, active when foreign tissue present Two types B= produce antibodies T= attract own abnormal/infected
34
monocytes
largest, u shaped nucleus (3-8%), phagocytic cell outside circulation
35
leukemia
cancer of WBC
36
Infectious mononucleosis
increase in number of agranulocytes from virus (mono)
37
leukopenia
not enough WBC
38
leucopoiesis
Hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
39
granulocyte leukopoiesis process
Myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts Myeloblasts committed to granulocytes Myelobasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes Promyelocytes differentiate into myelocytes Cell division stops and nuclei arch to form band cells Nuclei constrict and segment to become mature granulocytes
40
Agranulocyte Leukopoiesis
Myeloid stem cells become monoblasts Monoblasts become promonocytes Promonocytes leave bone marrow and become monocytes in lymph tissue Lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts Lymphoblasts become prolymphocytes Prolymphocytes leave bone marrow and become lymphocytes in lymph tissue
41
Regulation of Leukopoiesis
interleukins and colony-stimulating factor
42
interleukins
infected cells from virus release these
43
Colony-stimulating factor
major regulator of WBC
44
platelets
Anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes | Granules contain clotting chemicals
45
Thrombopoiesis
Hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells Myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts Megakaryoblast is committed cell Megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis but no cytokinesis to form megakaryocytes Cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes break off to be platelets *** regulated by thrombopoietin***
46
hemostasis
cessation of bleeding
47
process of hemostasis
``` 1 Vascular spasm Blood vessels constrict 2 Platelet plug formation Accumulate at the site of damage 3 coagulation “Gel up” Activation of protein fiber ```
48
process of platelet plug formation
Damage to blood vessels exposes underlying collagen fibers in CT Also releases von Willebrand factor and thromboxane A2 Willebrand factor is a plasma protein Thromboxane A2 is a prostaglandin Creates an environment for platelets to stick Causes platelets to collect and adhere at the site of damage Platelets won’t stick to ET Once attached, thrombin activates platelets to breakdown and release chemical contents Clotting factors
49
Intrinsic Pathway to Coagulation
Through platelets themselves Series of reactions in which clotting factors converted to active forms (13 proteins) Ultimately aggregated platelets release PF3 PF3 activates other intermediates leading to activation of factor x (10) Activated factor x complexes with calcium, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator Prothrombin activator catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Thrombin catalyzes the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin Thrombin also activates factor xiii (13) which links fibrin strands together
50
Extrinsic Pathway to Coagulation
From damaged cells Chemical to go faster Injured cells release tissue factor Tissue factor interacts with PF3 to allow shortcut to factor X activation
51
factors limiting clot formation
Intact endothelial cells secrete PGI2 (prostacyclin) and heparin PGI2= prostaglandin secreted by intact endothelial cells heparin= anticoagulant Vitamin E quinone Prevents coagulation
52
clot retraction
Platelets contain contractile proteins Cause platelets to contract and squeeze out serum to compact clot Draws ruptured edges of vessel closer together PDGF stimulates vessel repair Platelet-derived growth factor Regeneration
53
fibrinolysis
Clot accumulates plasminogen Plasminogen is activated to plasmin Plasmin digests fibrin
54
clot limiting factors
Clotting factors carried away from site by circulating blood Antithrombin 3 inactivates thrombin Protein c inhibits intrinsic pathway events Heparin enhances activity of antithrombin 3 and inhibits intrinsic pathway events
55
Thromboembolic disorders
clot too much thrombus, embolism
56
thrombus
blood clot retained at the sight of the damage | Too big, block circulation
57
embolism
detached blood clot all at once | Stuck and cause blockage
58
bleeding disorders
dont clot enough | thrombocytopenia and hemophilia
59
thrombocytopenia
stop producing platelets | Insufficient platelets due to pathology
60
hemophilia
genetic disease | Missing gene for clot factors
61
ABO and Rh blood groups
Determined by the presence of agglutinogens (markers) Specifically ABO and Rh (D) Directs production of agglutinins (attackers for what you don’t have)

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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