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Science for medicine > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Average circulating volume in typical adult male?

A

5 litres

  • 1L in lungs
  • 3L in systemic venous circulation
  • 1L in heart and arterial ciculation
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2
Q

How much blood in women?

A

Less in women (approx 7-8% body weight)

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3
Q

How much blood in new born baby?

A

350ml

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4
Q

Whats the functions of blood?

A
  1. Carriage of physiologically active compounds (plasma)
  2. Clotting
  3. Defense (white blood cells)
  4. Carriage of gas (red blood cells)
  5. Thermoregulation
    6, Maintenance of ECF pH
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5
Q

Whats the composition of Blood?

A

Plasma
RBC
WBC
Platelets

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6
Q

What is Plasma?

A

4% body weight
95% water

Circulates biologically active molecules & compounds

Composition normally kept within strict limits

Plasma proteins subdivided into 3 categories

1) Albumin
2) Globulin - Subdivided into alpha. beta, gamma globulin
3) Fibrinogen and other clotting factors

Plasma proteins are not taken up by cells- perform their functions in the circulation. Compare with organic compounds e.g hormones which use blood as a vehicle

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7
Q

Explain Net direction of movement

A

Determined by balance between colloid oncotic pressure (favours movement into capillary) and capillary hydrostatic pressure( blood pressure) which favours movement out of capillary

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8
Q

Whats the result of net direction of movement?

A

Concentration of fluid remains unchanged, volume of plasma and interstitial fluid alters

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9
Q

What does interstitial fluid act as?

A

Acts as fluid reservoir (volume approx 3-4 times greater than plasma)

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10
Q

What is Hypoporoteinaemia?

A

Abnormally low levels of circulating plasma protein

Causes-
prolonged starvation
liver disease
intestinal diseases
nephrosis (kidney disease)

Common characteristic- oedema due to loss of oncotic pressure

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11
Q

List the Myeloid cells

A 
Erythromyocyte 
Platelets
Neutrophil
Monocytes
Basophil
Eosinophil
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12
Q

What’s the haematopoiesis of an RBC

A 
BONE MARROW
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Uncommitted stem cell
Comitted progenitor cell
Erythroblast

CIRCULATION
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

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13
Q

List the WBC

A 
Neutrophil 
Monocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
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14
Q

Which of the WBC is the only Lymphoid cell

A

Lymphocyte

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15
Q

Whats the Haematopoiesis of a Lymphocyte

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
Lymphocyte stem cells
Lymphocyte

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16
Q

Whats the Haematopoiesis of Platelets

A 
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
Uncommitted stem cells
Committed progenitor cells
Mehakaryocyte
Platelets
17
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Most abundant blood cell (4-6 x10^12/L)

120 day lifespan

Highly flexible, bioconcave, non nucleated, diameter 7-8um

Densely packed with Haemoglobin - protein concerned with gas transport

Colour change - oxyhaemoglobin (arterial)

18
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Most abundant blood cell (4-6 x10^12/L)

120 day lifespan

Highly flexible, bioconcave, non nucleated, diameter 7-8um

Densely packed with Haemoglobin - protein concerned with gas transport

Colour change - oxyhaemoglobin (arterial)
- deoxyhaemoglobin (venous)

19
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

Red blood cell formation
Controlled and accelerated by the hormone erythropoietin

Secretion - 85% kidney
15% liver

Secretion is enhanced when oxygen delivery to kidneys is reduced (hypoxia)

Hemorrhage
Anemia
Cardiac dysfunction
Lung disease

20
Q

Name the five main types of white blood cells?

A

GRANULOCYTES
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

AGRANOCYTES
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

21
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant WBC 68%
Half-life 10 hrs
Produce 100bn/day

22
Q

Monocytes

A

5% circulating cell after 72 hours migrates to connective tissue where they become macrophages and live for 3 months

23
Q

Basophils

A

Least abundant <1%

24
Q

Eosinophils

A

Around 1 % of WBC

25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

25% of WBC

B Cells

T cells:

  • Helper T Cells
  • Killer T Cells
26
Q

What is Leukopoiesis?

A

White blood cell formation

More complex than RBC formation

Controlled by a cocktail of cytokines (proteins/peptides released from one cell type which act on another)

  • Colony Stimulating Factors
    e. g Granulocyte CSF
  • Interleukins (inter- meaning between, leaukins- meaning white blood cell)

Cytokines are released from mature white blood cells

Sttimulate both mitosis and maturation of leukocyte

Differential stimulation of leukopoiesis in response to infection@

Bacterial- Increases neutrophils

Viral- Increases lymphocytes

The cytokine cocktail is therefore dynamic, changing it’s composition in response to infection to influence which white blood cell will be preferentially stimulated to form.

Differential White cell count allows you to differentiate between infection types

27
Q

Composition of Blood

A

Platelets- membrane bound cell fragments (megakaryocytes). Rarely nucleated, 2-4 micrometers diamterer. Formation governed by Thrombopoietin.

Life span 10 days. (140-400x10^9/L)

Adhere to damaged vessel walls and exposed connective tissue to mediate blood clotting

DO NOT adhere to healthy intact endothelium

28
Q

What is Haematocrit?

A

Haematocrit, also known as packed cell volume (PCV), is the measurement of the proportion of blood which is made up of cells. It is usually presented as a percentage or fraction of cells in the blood. For example, a haematocrit or PCV of 50% means there are 50 millilitres of cells per 100 millilitres of blood.

29
Q

Viscosity

A

Defination: How thick/sticky blood is compared to water

Plasma- x1.8 thicker than water

Whole blood - x3-4 thicker than water

Viscosity is not an absolute value, depends on:

haematocrit- 50% increase in haematocrit increases viscosity approx. approx 100%

temperature- increase in temp decrease viscosity and vice versa 1 degrees celcius changes viscosity by around 2%

flow rate- decreased flow rate increases viscosity and vice versa

Science for medicine (2 decks)

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