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Physio Exam 3 (chapters 12-16) > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What are the components of the plasma of the blood?

A
  • water (mostly,90%)
  • Ions
  • Organic molecules (amino acids, proteins, glucose, lipids, nitrogenous waste)
    • Proteins include: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin
  • trace elements and vitamins
  • gases: CO2 and O2
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2
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A
  • regulate blood pressure

- use as a carrier to transport hydrophobic molecules

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3
Q

What process creates blood?

A

Hemaopoiesis

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4
Q

Where is blood produced?

A
  • red bone marrow

- along axial skeleton

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5
Q

Can yellow bone marrow be reconverted back into red bone marrow?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Erythropoiesis influences the growth of what?

A

-red blood cells

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7
Q

Which hormone is responsible of making RBC?

A
  • erythropoietin (EPO)

- produced in the kidney cells

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8
Q

Thrombopoeitin travels to the red bone marrow to stimulate what?

A
  • megakaryocytes

- produce primarily in the liver

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9
Q

What is the function of Thrombopoiesis?

A

-influence the growth of megakaryocytes that are responsible for the production of blood platelets

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10
Q

What is the function of Leukopoiesis?

A

-produce white blood cells

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11
Q

What stimulates the process of Leukopoeisis?

A

Colony-stimulating factors, interleukins

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12
Q

What is the parent cell of all the blood cells (white/red)?

A

-pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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13
Q

What determines the path of the uncommitted stem cells?

A
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Thrombopoietin (TPO)
  • Colony stimulating factors
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14
Q

Where are -pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell found?

A

Red bone marrow

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15
Q

What is the function of the hematocrit test?

%’s M vs F

A

% of RBC in total blood volume

- Females: 37-47%
- males: 40-54%
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16
Q

Structure of the erythrocytes

A
  • no organelles
    • bi-concave shape: allows travel through capillaries
    • use anaerobic respiration
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17
Q

What is the normal size of a red blood cell?

A

-80-96 fL (femotoliter)

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18
Q

What is required for the synthesis of hemoglobin?

19
Q

Explain the synthesis and destruction of hemoglobin

20
Q

What is the average life cycle of an RBC?

21
Q

What is anemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

-total circulating RBCs below normal limits

22
Q

What are the symptoms of Anemia during accelerated RBC loss?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • blood loss
    • hemolytic anemias: cells rupture at an abnormally high rate
    • abnormal hemoglobin: ex. Sickle cell anemia
    • parasitic infections: ex. Malaria
23
Q

What are the symptoms of Anemia during decreased RBC production?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • aplastic anemia
  • iron deficiency (Fe required for heme production)
  • folic acid deficiency (F.A required for DNA synthesis)
  • Vit B12 deficiency ( Vit B12 required for DNA synthesis)
  • inadequate production of erythropoietin (needed to stimulate red bone marrow to created RBC)
24
Q

What is Polycythemia Vera?

Study These Flashcards
A

-abnormally high blood cell count

25
What happens when hemostasis occurs?
- vasoconstriction (constricts blood vessel) - reduce blood flow - platelet activation - blood clotting
26
What is hemostasis?
-the stopping of blood flow
27
What is the role of serotonin during hemostasis?
-its a vasoconstrictor
28
How is thromboxane A2 produced In a damaged blood vessel? Function?
-vasoconstrictor, increases platelet aggregation
29
What are the different platelet function factors? (6)
- serotonin (vasoconstrictor) - ADP - Platelet activating factor: activates more platelets and produces thromboxane a2 - thromboxane A2 - collagen - platelet derived growth factor
30
What is the function of the coagulation cascade?
-formation of solid clots
31
What are the two pathways of coagulation cascade?
- intrinsic pathway (contact activation) | - Extrinsic pathway (cell injury)
32
Where are the clotting factors synthesized?
-made in the liver
33
What are the factors involved in coagulation? (6)
- collagen - tissue factor (thromboplastin or factor III) - prothrombin and thrombin - fibrinogen and fibrin - Ca2+ - Vit K
34
What is the process of fibrinolysis?
-dissolution of clot by plasmin
35
During blood clotting prevention, what does the endothelium of a healthy blood vessel secrete?
- prostacyclin and NO (nitric oxide; a vasodilator) | - inhibits platelet aggregation
36
How is prostacyclin synthesized in a health blood vessel? Function?
-vasodilator, inhibits platelet aggregation
37
What is the role of prostacyclin in a healthy blood vessel?
- vasodilator | - inhibits platelet aggregation
38
What are the roles of anticoagulants
-block clotting factors
39
What are the different types of anticoagulants?
Block clotting factors - heparin - antithrombin III - protein C - vitamin K antagonist - aspirin (inhibits COX1)
40
What are the causes of hemophilia?
-defective or lacking clotting factors (VIII or IX)
41
What are the cellular elements found in the blood?
- RBCs - WBCs - lymphocytes - monocytes - neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils -platelets
42
What is the pathway of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to a erythrocyte?
``` pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell > Uncommitted stem cells > Committed progenitor cells > Erythroblast > Reticulocyte > Erythrocyte ```
43
Which protein transports Iron (Fe) in plasma?
Transferrin proteins
44
Old RBCs are converted into what? (Destruction of hemoglobins)
- bilirubin (process occurs in the spleen) - is eventually metabolized in the liver and excretes it in bile - can also be excreted in urine and feces

Physio Exam 3 (chapters 12-16) (10 decks)

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